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Add a how-to doc on writing DT schema documentation. This gives a description of each section and details on how to validate the DT schema file. The DT schema are written using json-schema vocabulary in a YAML encoded document. Using jsonschema gives us access to existing tooling. A YAML encoding gives us something easy to edit. The example is annotated to help explain what each section does. This example is just the tip of the iceberg, but is it the part most developers writing bindings will interact with. Backing all this up are meta-schema (to validate the binding schemas), some DT core schema, YAML encoded DT output with dtc, and a small number of python scripts to run validation. Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: devicetree@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
131 lines
5.6 KiB
Markdown
131 lines
5.6 KiB
Markdown
# Writing DeviceTree Bindings in json-schema
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Devicetree bindings are written using json-schema vocabulary. Schema files are
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written in a JSON compatible subset of YAML. YAML is used instead of JSON as it
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considered more human readable and has some advantages such as allowing
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comments (Prefixed with '#').
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## Schema Contents
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Each schema doc is a structured json-schema which is defined by a set of
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top-level properties. Generally, there is one binding defined per file. The
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top-level json-schema properties used are:
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- __$id__ - A json-schema unique identifier string. The string must be a valid
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URI typically containing the binding's filename and path. For DT schema, it must
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begin with "http://devicetree.org/schemas/". The URL is used in constructing
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references to other files specified in schema "$ref" properties. A $ref values
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with a leading '/' will have the hostname prepended. A $ref value a relative
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path or filename only will be prepended with the hostname and path components
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of the current schema file's '$id' value. A URL is used even for local files,
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but there may not actually be files present at those locations.
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- __$schema__ - Indicates the meta-schema the schema file adheres to.
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- __title__ - A one line description on the contents of the binding schema.
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- __maintainers__ - A DT specific property. Contains a list of email address(es)
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for maintainers of this binding.
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- __description__ - Optional. A multi-line text block containing any detailed
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information about this binding. It should contain things such as what the block
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or device does, standards the device conforms to, and links to datasheets for
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more information.
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- __select__ - Optional. A json-schema used to match nodes for applying the
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schema. By default without 'select', nodes are matched against their possible
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compatible string values or node name. Most bindings should not need select.
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- __allOf__ - Optional. A list of other schemas to include. This is used to
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include other schemas the binding conforms to. This may be schemas for a
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particular class of devices such as I2C or SPI controllers.
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- __properties__ - A set of sub-schema defining all the DT properties for the
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binding. The exact schema syntax depends on whether properties are known,
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common properties (e.g. 'interrupts') or are binding/vendor specific properties.
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A property can also define a child DT node with child properties defined
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under it.
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For more details on properties sections, see 'Property Schema' section.
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- __patternProperties__ - Optional. Similar to 'properties', but names are regex.
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- __required__ - A list of DT properties from the 'properties' section that
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must always be present.
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- __examples__ - Optional. A list of one or more DTS hunks implementing the
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binding. Note: YAML doesn't allow leading tabs, so spaces must be used instead.
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Unless noted otherwise, all properties are required.
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## Property Schema
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The 'properties' section of the schema contains all the DT properties for a
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binding. Each property contains a set of constraints using json-schema
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vocabulary for that property. The properties schemas are what is used for
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validation of DT files.
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For common properties, only additional constraints not covered by the common
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binding schema need to be defined such as how many values are valid or what
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possible values are valid.
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Vendor specific properties will typically need more detailed schema. With the
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exception of boolean properties, they should have a reference to a type in
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schemas/types.yaml. A "description" property is always required.
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The Devicetree schemas don't exactly match the YAML encoded DT data produced by
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dtc. They are simplified to make them more compact and avoid a bunch of
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boilerplate. The tools process the schema files to produce the final schema for
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validation. There are currently 2 transformations the tools perform.
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The default for arrays in json-schema is they are variable sized and allow more
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entries than explicitly defined. This can be restricted by defining 'minItems',
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'maxItems', and 'additionalItems'. However, for DeviceTree Schemas, a fixed
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size is desired in most cases, so these properties are added based on the
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number of entries in an 'items' list.
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The YAML Devicetree format also makes all string values an array and scalar
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values a matrix (in order to define groupings) even when only a single value
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is present. Single entries in schemas are fixed up to match this encoding.
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## Testing
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### Dependencies
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The DT schema project must be installed in order to validate the DT schema
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binding documents and validate DTS files using the DT schema. The DT schema
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project can be installed with pip:
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`pip3 install git+https://github.com/robherring/yaml-bindings.git@master`
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dtc must also be built with YAML output support enabled. This requires that
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libyaml and its headers be installed on the host system.
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### Running checks
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The DT schema binding documents must be validated using the meta-schema (the
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schema for the schema) to ensure they are both valid json-schema and valid
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binding schema. All of the DT binding documents can be validated using the
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`dt_binding_check` target:
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`make dt_binding_check`
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In order to perform validation of DT source files, use the `dtbs_check` target:
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`make dtbs_check`
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This will first run the `dt_binding_check` which generates the processed schema.
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It is also possible to run checks with a single schema file by setting the
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'DT_SCHEMA_FILES' variable to a specific schema file.
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`make dtbs_check DT_SCHEMA_FILES=Documentation/devicetree/bindings/trivial-devices.yaml`
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## json-schema Resources
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[JSON-Schema Specifications](http://json-schema.org/)
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[Using JSON Schema Book](http://usingjsonschema.com/)
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