hlist_bl_unhashed() and hlist_bl_empty() are all boolean functions, so
return bool instead of int.
Signed-off-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Benjamin Romer is no longer a maintainer for the Unisys s-Par driver,
presently in drivers/staging/unisys/.
Signed-off-by: David Kershner <david.kershner@unisys.com>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This allows us to extract from the vmcore only the messages emitted
since the last time the ring buffer was cleared. We just have to make
sure its value is always up-to-date, when old messages are discarded to
free space in log_make_free_space() for example.
Signed-off-by: Zeyu Zhao <zzy8200@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ivan Delalande <colona@arista.com>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay@vrfy.org>
Cc: Neil Horman <nhorman@tuxdriver.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
have_callable_console() must also test CON_ENABLED bit, not just
CON_ANYTIME. We may have disabled CON_ANYTIME console so printk can
wrongly assume that it's safe to call_console_drivers().
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@codemonkey.org.uk>
Cc: Calvin Owens <calvinowens@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
console_unlock() allows to cond_resched() if its caller has set
`console_may_schedule' to 1, since 8d91f8b153 ("printk: do
cond_resched() between lines while outputting to consoles").
The rules are:
-- console_lock() always sets `console_may_schedule' to 1
-- console_trylock() always sets `console_may_schedule' to 0
However, console_trylock() callers (among them is printk()) do not
always call printk() from atomic contexts, and some of them can
cond_resched() in console_unlock(), so console_trylock() can set
`console_may_schedule' to 1 for such processes.
For !CONFIG_PREEMPT_COUNT kernels, however, console_trylock() always
sets `console_may_schedule' to 0.
It's possible to drop explicit preempt_disable()/preempt_enable() in
vprintk_emit(), because console_unlock() and console_trylock() are now
smart enough:
a) console_unlock() does not cond_resched() when it's unsafe
(console_trylock() takes care of that)
b) console_unlock() does can_use_console() check.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@codemonkey.org.uk>
Cc: Calvin Owens <calvinowens@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
console_unlock() allows to cond_resched() if its caller has set
`console_may_schedule' to 1 (this functionality is present since
8d91f8b153 ("printk: do cond_resched() between lines while outputting
to consoles").
The rules are:
-- console_lock() always sets `console_may_schedule' to 1
-- console_trylock() always sets `console_may_schedule' to 0
printk() calls console_unlock() with preemption desabled, which
basically can lead to RCU stalls, watchdog soft lockups, etc. if
something is simultaneously calling printk() frequent enough (IOW,
console_sem owner always has new data to send to console divers and
can't leave console_unlock() for a long time).
printk()->console_trylock() callers do not necessarily execute in atomic
contexts, and some of them can cond_resched() in console_unlock().
console_trylock() can set `console_may_schedule' to 1 (allow
cond_resched() later in consoe_unlock()) when it's safe.
This patch (of 3):
vprintk_emit() disables preemption around console_trylock_for_printk()
and console_unlock() calls for a strong reason -- can_use_console()
check. The thing is that vprintl_emit() can be called on a CPU that is
not fully brought up yet (!cpu_online()), which potentially can cause
problems if console driver wants to access per-cpu data. A console
driver can explicitly state that it's safe to call it from !online cpu
by setting CON_ANYTIME bit in console ->flags. That's why for
!cpu_online() can_use_console() iterates all the console to find out if
there is a CON_ANYTIME console, otherwise console_unlock() must be
avoided.
can_use_console() ensures that console_unlock() call is safe in
vprintk_emit() only; console_lock() and console_trylock() are not
covered by this check. Even though call_console_drivers(), invoked from
console_cont_flush() and console_unlock(), tests `!cpu_online() &&
CON_ANYTIME' for_each_console(), it may be too late, which can result in
messages loss.
Assume that we have 2 cpus -- CPU0 is online, CPU1 is !online, and no
CON_ANYTIME consoles available.
CPU0 online CPU1 !online
console_trylock()
...
console_unlock()
console_cont_flush
spin_lock logbuf_lock
if (!cont.len) {
spin_unlock logbuf_lock
return
}
for (;;) {
vprintk_emit
spin_lock logbuf_lock
log_store
spin_unlock logbuf_lock
spin_lock logbuf_lock
!console_trylock_for_printk msg_print_text
return console_idx = log_next()
console_seq++
console_prev = msg->flags
spin_unlock logbuf_lock
call_console_drivers()
for_each_console(con) {
if (!cpu_online() &&
!(con->flags & CON_ANYTIME))
continue;
}
/*
* no message printed, we lost it
*/
vprintk_emit
spin_lock logbuf_lock
log_store
spin_unlock logbuf_lock
!console_trylock_for_printk
return
/*
* go to the beginning of the loop,
* find out there are new messages,
* lose it
*/
}
console_trylock()/console_lock() call on CPU1 may come from cpu
notifiers registered on that CPU. Since notifiers are not getting
unregistered when CPU is going DOWN, all of the notifiers receive
notifications during CPU UP. For example, on my x86_64, I see around 50
notification sent from offline CPU to itself
[swapper/2] from cpu:2 to:2 action:CPU_STARTING hotplug_hrtick
[swapper/2] from cpu:2 to:2 action:CPU_STARTING blk_mq_main_cpu_notify
[swapper/2] from cpu:2 to:2 action:CPU_STARTING blk_mq_queue_reinit_notify
[swapper/2] from cpu:2 to:2 action:CPU_STARTING console_cpu_notify
while doing
echo 0 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/online
echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu2/online
So grabbing the console_sem lock while CPU is !online is possible,
in theory.
This patch moves can_use_console() check out of
console_trylock_for_printk(). Instead it calls it in console_unlock(),
so now console_lock()/console_unlock() are also 'protected' by
can_use_console(). This also means that console_trylock_for_printk() is
not really needed anymore and can be removed.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@kernel.org>
Cc: Dave Jones <davej@codemonkey.org.uk>
Cc: Calvin Owens <calvinowens@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The v850 port was removed by commits f606ddf42f and 07a887d399 in
2008. These #defines are not used in the current kernel.
Signed-off-by: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are various email addresses for me throughout the kernel. Use the
one that will always be valid.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This has hit me a couple of times already. I would be debugging code
and the system would simply hang and then reboot. Finally, I found that
the problem was caused by WARN_ON_ONCE() and friends.
The macro WARN_ON_ONCE(condition) is defined as:
static bool __section(.data.unlikely) __warned;
int __ret_warn_once = !!(condition);
if (unlikely(__ret_warn_once))
if (WARN_ON(!__warned))
__warned = true;
unlikely(__ret_warn_once);
Which looks great and all. But what I have hit, is an issue when
WARN_ON() itself hits the same WARN_ON_ONCE() code. Because, the
variable __warned is not yet set. Then it too calls WARN_ON() and that
triggers the warning again. It keeps doing this until the stack is
overflowed and the system crashes.
By setting __warned first before calling WARN_ON() makes the original
WARN_ON_ONCE() really only warn once, and not an infinite amount of
times if the WARN_ON() also triggers the warning.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_BUG=n && CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG=y make no sense and things break:
In file included from include/linux/page-flags.h:9:0,
from kernel/bounds.c:9:
include/linux/bug.h:91:47: warning: 'struct bug_entry' declared inside parameter list
static inline int is_warning_bug(const struct bug_entry *bug)
^
include/linux/bug.h:91:47: warning: its scope is only this definition or declaration, which is probably not what you want
include/linux/bug.h: In function 'is_warning_bug':
>> include/linux/bug.h:93:12: error: dereferencing pointer to incomplete type
return bug->flags & BUGFLAG_WARNING;
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
On i686 PAE enabled machine the contiguous physical area could be large
and it can cause trimming down variables in below calculation in
read_vmcore() and mmap_vmcore():
tsz = min_t(size_t, m->offset + m->size - *fpos, buflen);
That is, the types being used is like below on i686:
m->offset: unsigned long long int
m->size: unsigned long long int
*fpos: loff_t (long long int)
buflen: size_t (unsigned int)
So casting (m->offset + m->size - *fpos) by size_t means truncating a
given value by 4GB.
Suppose (m->offset + m->size - *fpos) being truncated to 0, buflen >0
then we will get tsz = 0. It is of course not an expected result.
Similarly we could also get other truncated values less than buflen.
Then the real size passed down is not correct any more.
If (m->offset + m->size - *fpos) is above 4GB, read_vmcore or
mmap_vmcore use the min_t result with truncated values being compared to
buflen. Then, fpos proceeds with the wrong value so that we reach below
bugs:
1) read_vmcore will refuse to continue so makedumpfile fails.
2) mmap_vmcore will trigger BUG_ON() in remap_pfn_range().
Use unsigned long long in min_t instead so that the variables in are not
truncated.
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Cc: HATAYAMA Daisuke <d.hatayama@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com>
Cc: Minfei Huang <mhuang@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It is not elegant that prompt shell does not start from new line after
executing "cat /proc/$pid/wchan". Make prompt shell start from new
line.
Signed-off-by: Minfei Huang <mnfhuang@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
`proc_timers_operations` is only used when CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE is
enabled.
Signed-off-by: Eric Engestrom <eric.engestrom@imgtec.com>
Acked-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch provides a proc/PID/timerslack_ns interface which exposes a
task's timerslack value in nanoseconds and allows it to be changed.
This allows power/performance management software to set timer slack for
other threads according to its policy for the thread (such as when the
thread is designated foreground vs. background activity)
If the value written is non-zero, slack is set to that value. Otherwise
sets it to the default for the thread.
This interface checks that the calling task has permissions to to use
PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS on the target task, so that we can ensure
arbitrary apps do not change the timer slack for other apps.
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Oren Laadan <orenl@cellrox.com>
Cc: Ruchi Kandoi <kandoiruchi@google.com>
Cc: Rom Lemarchand <romlem@android.com>
Cc: Android Kernel Team <kernel-team@android.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset introduces a /proc/<pid>/timerslack_ns interface which
would allow controlling processes to be able to set the timerslack value
on other processes in order to save power by avoiding wakeups (Something
Android currently does via out-of-tree patches).
The first patch tries to fix the internal timer_slack_ns usage which was
defined as a long, which limits the slack range to ~4 seconds on 32bit
systems. It converts it to a u64, which provides the same basically
unlimited slack (500 years) on both 32bit and 64bit machines.
The second patch introduces the /proc/<pid>/timerslack_ns interface
which allows the full 64bit slack range for a task to be read or set on
both 32bit and 64bit machines.
With these two patches, on a 32bit machine, after setting the slack on
bash to 10 seconds:
$ time sleep 1
real 0m10.747s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.005s
The first patch is a little ugly, since I had to chase the slack delta
arguments through a number of functions converting them to u64s. Let me
know if it makes sense to break that up more or not.
Other than that things are fairly straightforward.
This patch (of 2):
The timer_slack_ns value in the task struct is currently a unsigned
long. This means that on 32bit applications, the maximum slack is just
over 4 seconds. However, on 64bit machines, its much much larger (~500
years).
This disparity could make application development a little (as well as
the default_slack) to a u64. This means both 32bit and 64bit systems
have the same effective internal slack range.
Now the existing ABI via PR_GET_TIMERSLACK and PR_SET_TIMERSLACK specify
the interface as a unsigned long, so we preserve that limitation on
32bit systems, where SET_TIMERSLACK can only set the slack to a unsigned
long value, and GET_TIMERSLACK will return ULONG_MAX if the slack is
actually larger then what can be stored by an unsigned long.
This patch also modifies hrtimer functions which specified the slack
delta as a unsigned long.
Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org>
Cc: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Oren Laadan <orenl@cellrox.com>
Cc: Ruchi Kandoi <kandoiruchi@google.com>
Cc: Rom Lemarchand <romlem@android.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Android Kernel Team <kernel-team@android.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
After the OOM killer is disabled during suspend operation, any
!__GFP_NOFAIL && __GFP_FS allocations are forced to fail. Thus, any
!__GFP_NOFAIL && !__GFP_FS allocations should be forced to fail as well.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
While oom_killer_disable() is called by freeze_processes() after all
user threads except the current thread are frozen, it is possible that
kernel threads invoke the OOM killer and sends SIGKILL to the current
thread due to sharing the thawed victim's memory. Therefore, checking
for SIGKILL is preferable than TIF_MEMDIE.
Signed-off-by: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@I-love.SAKURA.ne.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a new column to pool stats, which will tell how many pages ideally
can be freed by class compaction, so it will be easier to analyze
zsmalloc fragmentation.
At the moment, we have only numbers of FULL and ALMOST_EMPTY classes,
but they don't tell us how badly the class is fragmented internally.
The new /sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/zramX/classes output look as follows:
class size almost_full almost_empty obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
[..]
12 224 0 2 146 5 8 4 4
13 240 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
14 256 1 13 1840 1672 115 1 10
15 272 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
[..]
49 816 0 3 745 735 149 1 2
51 848 3 4 361 306 76 4 8
52 864 12 14 378 268 81 3 21
54 896 1 12 117 57 26 2 12
57 944 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
[..]
Total 26 131 12709 10994 1071 134
For example, from this particular output we can easily conclude that
class-896 is heavily fragmented -- it occupies 26 pages, 12 can be freed
by compaction.
Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When unmapping a huge class page in zs_unmap_object, the page will be
unmapped by kmap_atomic. the "!area->huge" branch in __zs_unmap_object
is alway true, and no code set "area->huge" now, so we can drop it.
Signed-off-by: YiPing Xu <xuyiping@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have PAGE_ALIGNED() in mm.h, so let's use it instead of IS_ALIGNED()
for checking PAGE_SIZE aligned case.
Signed-off-by: Shawn Lin <shawn.lin@rock-chips.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mem_cgroup_print_oom_info is always called under oom_lock, so
oom_info_lock is redundant.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
uncharge_list() does an unusual list walk because the function can take
regular lists with dedicated list_heads as well as singleton lists where
a single page is passed via the page->lru list node.
This can sometimes lead to confusion as well as suggestions to replace
the loop with a list_for_each_entry(), which wouldn't work.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Setting the original memory.limit_in_bytes hardlimit is subject to a
race condition when the desired value is below the current usage. The
code tries a few times to first reclaim and then see if the usage has
dropped to where we would like it to be, but there is no locking, and
the workload is free to continue making new charges up to the old limit.
Thus, attempting to shrink a workload relies on pure luck and hope that
the workload happens to cooperate.
To fix this in the cgroup2 memory.max knob, do it the other way round:
set the limit first, then try enforcement. And if reclaim is not able
to succeed, trigger OOM kills in the group. Keep going until the new
limit is met, we run out of OOM victims and there's only unreclaimable
memory left, or the task writing to memory.max is killed. This allows
users to shrink groups reliably, and the behavior is consistent with
what happens when new charges are attempted in excess of memory.max.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When setting memory.high below usage, nothing happens until the next
charge comes along, and then it will only reclaim its own charge and not
the now potentially huge excess of the new memory.high. This can cause
groups to stay in excess of their memory.high indefinitely.
To fix that, when shrinking memory.high, kick off a reclaim cycle that
goes after the delta.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I found that page-types is very slow and my testing shows many timeout
errors. Here's an example with a simple program allocating 1000 thps.
$ time ./page-types -p $(pgrep -f test_alloc)
...
real 0m17.201s
user 0m16.889s
sys 0m0.312s
Most of time is spent in memset(). Currently memset() clears over whole
buffer for every walk_pfn() call, which is inefficient when walk_pfn()
is called from walk_vma(), because in that case walk_pfn() is called for
each pfn. So this patch limits the zero initialization only for the
first element.
$ time ./page-types.patched -p $(pgrep -f test_alloc)
...
real 0m0.182s
user 0m0.046s
sys 0m0.135s
Fixes: 954e95584579 ("tools/vm/page-types.c: add memory cgroup dumping and filtering")
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Suggested-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Parallel initialisation has been enabled for X86, boot time is improved
greatly. On Power8, it is improved greatly for small memory. Here is
the result from my test on Power8 platform:
For 4GB of memory, boot time is improved by 59%, from 24.5s to 10s.
For 50GB memory, boot time is improved by 22%, from 56.8s to 43.8s.
Signed-off-by: Li Zhang <zhlcindy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Upstream has supported page parallel initialisation for X86 and the boot
time is improved greately. Some tests have been done for Power.
Here is the result I have done with different memory size.
* 4GB memory:
boot time is as the following:
with patch vs without patch: 10.4s vs 24.5s
boot time is improved 57%
* 200GB memory:
boot time looks the same with and without patches.
boot time is about 38s
* 32TB memory:
boot time looks the same with and without patches
boot time is about 160s.
The boot time is much shorter than X86 with 24TB memory.
From community discussion, it costs about 694s for X86 24T system.
Parallel initialisation improves the performance by deferring memory
initilisation to kswap with N kthreads, it should improve the performance
therotically.
In testing on X86, performance is improved greatly with huge memory. But
on Power platform, it is improved greatly with less than 100GB memory.
For huge memory, it is not improved greatly. But it saves the time with
several threads at least, as the following information shows(32TB system
log):
[ 22.648169] node 9 initialised, 16607461 pages in 280ms
[ 22.783772] node 3 initialised, 23937243 pages in 410ms
[ 22.858877] node 6 initialised, 29179347 pages in 490ms
[ 22.863252] node 2 initialised, 29179347 pages in 490ms
[ 22.907545] node 0 initialised, 32049614 pages in 540ms
[ 22.920891] node 15 initialised, 32212280 pages in 550ms
[ 22.923236] node 4 initialised, 32306127 pages in 550ms
[ 22.923384] node 12 initialised, 32314319 pages in 550ms
[ 22.924754] node 8 initialised, 32314319 pages in 550ms
[ 22.940780] node 13 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.940796] node 11 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.941700] node 5 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.941721] node 10 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.941876] node 7 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.944946] node 14 initialised, 33353677 pages in 570ms
[ 22.946063] node 1 initialised, 33345485 pages in 580ms
It saves the time about 550*16 ms at least, although it can be ignore to
compare the boot time about 160 seconds. What's more, the boot time is
much shorter on Power even without patches than x86 for huge memory
machine.
So this patchset is still necessary to be enabled for Power.
This patch (of 2):
This patch is based on Mel Gorman's old patch in the mailing list,
https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/5/5/280 which is discussed but it is fixed with
a completion to wait for all memory initialised in page_alloc_init_late().
It is to fix the OOM problem on X86 with 24TB memory which allocates
memory in late initialisation. But for Power platform with 32TB memory,
it causes a call trace in vfs_caches_init->inode_init() and inode hash
table needs more memory. So this patch allocates 1GB for 0.25TB/node for
large system as it is mentioned in https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/5/1/627
This call trace is found on Power with 32TB memory, 1024CPUs, 16nodes.
Currently, it only allocates 2GB*16=32GB for early initialisation. But
Dentry cache hash table needes 16GB and Inode cache hash table needs 16GB.
So the system have no enough memory for it. The log from dmesg as the
following:
Dentry cache hash table entries: 2147483648 (order: 18,17179869184 bytes)
vmalloc: allocation failure, allocated 16021913600 of 17179934720 bytes
swapper/0: page allocation failure: order:0,mode:0x2080020
CPU: 0 PID: 0 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 4.4.0-0-ppc64
Call Trace:
.dump_stack+0xb4/0xb664 (unreliable)
.warn_alloc_failed+0x114/0x160
.__vmalloc_area_node+0x1a4/0x2b0
.__vmalloc_node_range+0xe4/0x110
.__vmalloc_node+0x40/0x50
.alloc_large_system_hash+0x134/0x2a4
.inode_init+0xa4/0xf0
.vfs_caches_init+0x80/0x144
.start_kernel+0x40c/0x4e0
start_here_common+0x20/0x4a4
Signed-off-by: Li Zhang <zhlcindy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
split_huge_pmd() tries to munlock page with munlock_vma_page(). That
requires the page to locked.
If the is locked by caller, we would get a deadlock:
Unable to find swap-space signature
INFO: task trinity-c85:1907 blocked for more than 120 seconds.
Not tainted 4.4.0-00032-gf19d0bdced41-dirty #1606
"echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
trinity-c85 D ffff88084d997608 0 1907 309 0x00000000
Call Trace:
schedule+0x9f/0x1c0
schedule_timeout+0x48e/0x600
io_schedule_timeout+0x1c3/0x390
bit_wait_io+0x29/0xd0
__wait_on_bit_lock+0x94/0x140
__lock_page+0x1d4/0x280
__split_huge_pmd+0x5a8/0x10f0
split_huge_pmd_address+0x1d9/0x230
try_to_unmap_one+0x540/0xc70
rmap_walk_anon+0x284/0x810
rmap_walk_locked+0x11e/0x190
try_to_unmap+0x1b1/0x4b0
split_huge_page_to_list+0x49d/0x18a0
follow_page_mask+0xa36/0xea0
SyS_move_pages+0xaf3/0x1570
entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x12/0x6b
2 locks held by trinity-c85/1907:
#0: (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}, at: SyS_move_pages+0x933/0x1570
#1: (&anon_vma->rwsem){++++..}, at: split_huge_page_to_list+0x402/0x18a0
I don't think the deadlock is triggerable without split_huge_page()
simplifilcation patchset.
But munlock_vma_page() here is wrong: we want to munlock the page
unconditionally, no need in rmap lookup, that munlock_vma_page() does.
Let's use clear_page_mlock() instead. It can be called under ptl.
Fixes: e90309c9f7 ("thp: allow mlocked THP again")
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
freeze_page() and unfreeze_page() helpers evolved in rather complex
beasts. It would be nice to cut complexity of this code.
This patch rewrites freeze_page() using standard try_to_unmap().
unfreeze_page() is rewritten with remove_migration_ptes().
The result is much simpler.
But the new variant is somewhat slower for PTE-mapped THPs. Current
helpers iterates over VMAs the compound page is mapped to, and then over
ptes within this VMA. New helpers iterates over small page, then over
VMA the small page mapped to, and only then find relevant pte.
We have short cut for PMD-mapped THP: we directly install migration
entries on PMD split.
I don't think the slowdown is critical, considering how much simpler
result is and that split_huge_page() is quite rare nowadays. It only
happens due memory pressure or migration.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make remove_migration_ptes() available to be used in split_huge_page().
New parameter 'locked' added: as with try_to_umap() we need a way to
indicate that caller holds rmap lock.
We also shouldn't try to mlock() pte-mapped huge pages: pte-mapeed THP
pages are never mlocked.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add support for two ttu_flags:
- TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD would split PMD if it's there, before trying to
unmap page;
- TTU_RMAP_LOCKED indicates that caller holds relevant rmap lock;
Also, change rwc->done to !page_mapcount() instead of !page_mapped().
try_to_unmap() works on pte level, so we are really interested in the
mappedness of this small page rather than of the compound page it's a
part of.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset rewrites freeze_page() and unfreeze_page() using
try_to_unmap() and remove_migration_ptes(). Result is much simpler, but
somewhat slower.
Migration 8GiB worth of PMD-mapped THP:
Baseline 20.21 +/- 0.393
Patched 20.73 +/- 0.082
Slowdown 1.03x
It's 3% slower, comparing to 14% in v1. I don't it should be a stopper.
Splitting of PTE-mapped pages slowed more. But this is not a common
case.
Migration 8GiB worth of PMD-mapped THP:
Baseline 20.39 +/- 0.225
Patched 22.43 +/- 0.496
Slowdown 1.10x
rmap_walk_locked() is the same as rmap_walk(), but the caller takes care
of the relevant rmap lock.
This is preparation for switching THP splitting from custom rmap walk in
freeze_page()/unfreeze_page() to the generic one.
There is no support for KSM pages for now: not clear which lock is
implied.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The primary use case for devm_memremap_pages() is to allocate an memmap
array from persistent memory. That capabilty requires vmem_altmap which
requires SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP.
Also, without SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP the addition of ZONE_DEVICE expands
ZONES_WIDTH and triggers the:
"Unfortunate NUMA and NUMA Balancing config, growing page-frame for
last_cpupid."
...warning in mm/memory.c. SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP=n && ZONE_DEVICE=y is not
a configuration we should worry about supporting.
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Reported-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The define has a comment from Nick Piggin from 2007:
/* For backwards compat. Remove me quickly. */
I guess 9 years should not be too hurried sense of 'quickly' even for
kernel measures.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use the normal mechanism to make the logging output consistently
"percpu:" instead of a mix of "PERCPU:" and "percpu:"
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Most of the mm subsystem uses pr_<level> so make it consistent.
Miscellanea:
- Realign arguments
- Add missing newline to format
- kmemleak-test.c has a "kmemleak: " prefix added to the
"Kmemleak testing" logging message via pr_fmt
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> [percpu]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kernel style prefers a single string over split strings when the string is
'user-visible'.
Miscellanea:
- Add a missing newline
- Realign arguments
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> [percpu]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are a mixture of pr_warning and pr_warn uses in mm. Use pr_warn
consistently.
Miscellanea:
- Coalesce formats
- Realign arguments
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> [percpu]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ZONE_DEVICE (merged in 4.3) and ZONE_CMA (proposed) are examples of new
mm zones that are bumping up against the current maximum limit of 4
zones, i.e. 2 bits in page->flags for the GFP_ZONE_TABLE.
The GFP_ZONE_TABLE poses an interesting constraint since
include/linux/gfp.h gets included by the 32-bit portion of a 64-bit
build. We need to be careful to only build the table for zones that
have a corresponding gfp_t flag. GFP_ZONES_SHIFT is introduced for this
purpose. This patch does not attempt to solve the problem of adding a
new zone that also has a corresponding GFP_ flag.
Vlastimil points out that ZONE_DEVICE, by depending on x86_64 and
SPARSEMEM_VMEMMAP implies that SECTIONS_WIDTH is zero. In other words
even though ZONE_DEVICE does not fit in GFP_ZONE_TABLE it is free to
consume another bit in page->flags (expand ZONES_WIDTH) with room to
spare.
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=110931
Fixes: 033fbae988 ("mm: ZONE_DEVICE for "device memory"")
Signed-off-by: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com>
Reported-by: Mark <markk@clara.co.uk>
Reported-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sudip Mukherjee <sudipm.mukherjee@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
- Do not take memcg_limit_mutex for resetting limits - the cgroup cannot
be altered from userspace anymore, so no need to protect them.
- Use plain page_counter_limit() for resetting ->memory and ->memsw
limits instead of mem_cgrouop_resize_* helpers - we enlarge the limits,
so no need in special handling.
- Reset ->swap and ->tcpmem limits as well.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
online_pages() simply returns an error value if
memory_notify(MEM_GOING_ONLINE, &arg) return a value that is not what we
want for successfully onlining target pages. This patch arms to print
more failure information like offline_pages() in online_pages.
This patch also converts printk(KERN_<LEVEL>) to pr_<level>(), and moves
__offline_pages() to not print failure information with KERN_INFO
according to David Rientjes's suggestion[1].
[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2016/2/24/1094
Signed-off-by: Chen Yucong <slaoub@gmail.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Commit 647757197c ("mm: clarify __GFP_NOFAIL deprecation status") was
incomplete and didn't remove the comment about __GFP_NOFAIL being
deprecated in buffered_rmqueue.
Let's get rid of this leftover but keep the WARN_ON_ONCE for order > 1
because we should really discourage from using __GFP_NOFAIL with higher
order allocations because those are just too subtle.
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <kernel@kyup.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CMA allocation should be guaranteed to succeed by definition, but,
unfortunately, it would be failed sometimes. It is hard to track down
the problem, because it is related to page reference manipulation and we
don't have any facility to analyze it.
This patch adds tracepoints to track down page reference manipulation.
With it, we can find exact reason of failure and can fix the problem.
Following is an example of tracepoint output. (note: this example is
stale version that printing flags as the number. Recent version will
print it as human readable string.)
<...>-9018 [004] 92.678375: page_ref_set: pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x0 count=1 mapcount=0 mapping=(nil) mt=4 val=1
<...>-9018 [004] 92.678378: kernel_stack:
=> get_page_from_freelist (ffffffff81176659)
=> __alloc_pages_nodemask (ffffffff81176d22)
=> alloc_pages_vma (ffffffff811bf675)
=> handle_mm_fault (ffffffff8119e693)
=> __do_page_fault (ffffffff810631ea)
=> trace_do_page_fault (ffffffff81063543)
=> do_async_page_fault (ffffffff8105c40a)
=> async_page_fault (ffffffff817581d8)
[snip]
<...>-9018 [004] 92.678379: page_ref_mod: pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x40048 count=2 mapcount=1 mapping=0xffff880015a78dc1 mt=4 val=1
[snip]
...
...
<...>-9131 [001] 93.174468: test_pages_isolated: start_pfn=0x17800 end_pfn=0x17c00 fin_pfn=0x17ac9 ret=fail
[snip]
<...>-9018 [004] 93.174843: page_ref_mod_and_test: pfn=0x17ac9 flags=0x40068 count=0 mapcount=0 mapping=0xffff880015a78dc1 mt=4 val=-1 ret=1
=> release_pages (ffffffff8117c9e4)
=> free_pages_and_swap_cache (ffffffff811b0697)
=> tlb_flush_mmu_free (ffffffff81199616)
=> tlb_finish_mmu (ffffffff8119a62c)
=> exit_mmap (ffffffff811a53f7)
=> mmput (ffffffff81073f47)
=> do_exit (ffffffff810794e9)
=> do_group_exit (ffffffff81079def)
=> SyS_exit_group (ffffffff81079e74)
=> entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath (ffffffff817560b6)
This output shows that problem comes from exit path. In exit path, to
improve performance, pages are not freed immediately. They are gathered
and processed by batch. During this process, migration cannot be
possible and CMA allocation is failed. This problem is hard to find
without this page reference tracepoint facility.
Enabling this feature bloat kernel text 30 KB in my configuration.
text data bss dec hex filename
12127327 2243616 1507328 15878271 f2487f vmlinux_disabled
12157208 2258880 1507328 15923416 f2f8d8 vmlinux_enabled
Note that, due to header file dependency problem between mm.h and
tracepoint.h, this feature has to open code the static key functions for
tracepoints. Proposed by Steven Rostedt in following link.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/12/9/699
[arnd@arndb.de: crypto/async_pq: use __free_page() instead of put_page()]
[iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com: fix build failure for xtensa]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak Kconfig text, per Vlastimil]
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The success of CMA allocation largely depends on the success of
migration and key factor of it is page reference count. Until now, page
reference is manipulated by direct calling atomic functions so we cannot
follow up who and where manipulate it. Then, it is hard to find actual
reason of CMA allocation failure. CMA allocation should be guaranteed
to succeed so finding offending place is really important.
In this patch, call sites where page reference is manipulated are
converted to introduced wrapper function. This is preparation step to
add tracepoint to each page reference manipulation function. With this
facility, we can easily find reason of CMA allocation failure. There is
no functional change in this patch.
In addition, this patch also converts reference read sites. It will
help a second step that renames page._count to something else and
prevents later attempt to direct access to it (Suggested by Andrew).
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky.work@gmail.com>
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
THP defrag is enabled by default to direct reclaim/compact but not wake
kswapd in the event of a THP allocation failure. The problem is that
THP allocation requests potentially enter reclaim/compaction. This
potentially incurs a severe stall that is not guaranteed to be offset by
reduced TLB misses. While there has been considerable effort to reduce
the impact of reclaim/compaction, it is still a high cost and workloads
that should fit in memory fail to do so. Specifically, a simple
anon/file streaming workload will enter direct reclaim on NUMA at least
even though the working set size is 80% of RAM. It's been years and
it's time to throw in the towel.
First, this patch defines THP defrag as follows;
madvise: A failed allocation will direct reclaim/compact if the application requests it
never: Neither reclaim/compact nor wake kswapd
defer: A failed allocation will wake kswapd/kcompactd
always: A failed allocation will direct reclaim/compact (historical behaviour)
khugepaged defrag will enter direct/reclaim but not wake kswapd.
Next it sets the default defrag option to be "madvise" to only enter
direct reclaim/compaction for applications that specifically requested
it.
Lastly, it removes a check from the page allocator slowpath that is
related to __GFP_THISNODE to allow "defer" to work. The callers that
really cares are slub/slab and they are updated accordingly. The slab
one may be surprising because it also corrects a comment as kswapd was
never woken up by that path.
This means that a THP fault will no longer stall for most applications
by default and the ideal for most users that get THP if they are
immediately available. There are still options for users that prefer a
stall at startup of a new application by either restoring historical
behaviour with "always" or pick a half-way point with "defer" where
kswapd does some of the work in the background and wakes kcompactd if
necessary. THP defrag for khugepaged remains enabled and will enter
direct/reclaim but no wakeup kswapd or kcompactd.
After this patch a THP allocation failure will quickly fallback and rely
on khugepaged to recover the situation at some time in the future. In
some cases, this will reduce THP usage but the benefit of THP is hard to
measure and not a universal win where as a stall to reclaim/compaction
is definitely measurable and can be painful.
The first test for this is using "usemem" to read a large file and write
a large anonymous mapping (to avoid the zero page) multiple times. The
total size of the mappings is 80% of RAM and the benchmark simply
measures how long it takes to complete. It uses multiple threads to see
if that is a factor. On UMA, the performance is almost identical so is
not reported but on NUMA, we see this
usemem
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1 nodefrag-v1r3
Amean System-1 102.86 ( 0.00%) 46.81 ( 54.50%)
Amean System-4 37.85 ( 0.00%) 34.02 ( 10.12%)
Amean System-7 48.12 ( 0.00%) 46.89 ( 2.56%)
Amean System-12 51.98 ( 0.00%) 56.96 ( -9.57%)
Amean System-21 80.16 ( 0.00%) 79.05 ( 1.39%)
Amean System-30 110.71 ( 0.00%) 107.17 ( 3.20%)
Amean System-48 127.98 ( 0.00%) 124.83 ( 2.46%)
Amean Elapsd-1 185.84 ( 0.00%) 105.51 ( 43.23%)
Amean Elapsd-4 26.19 ( 0.00%) 25.58 ( 2.33%)
Amean Elapsd-7 21.65 ( 0.00%) 21.62 ( 0.16%)
Amean Elapsd-12 18.58 ( 0.00%) 17.94 ( 3.43%)
Amean Elapsd-21 17.53 ( 0.00%) 16.60 ( 5.33%)
Amean Elapsd-30 17.45 ( 0.00%) 17.13 ( 1.84%)
Amean Elapsd-48 15.40 ( 0.00%) 15.27 ( 0.82%)
For a single thread, the benchmark completes 43.23% faster with this
patch applied with smaller benefits as the thread increases. Similar,
notice the large reduction in most cases in system CPU usage. The
overall CPU time is
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1 nodefrag-v1r3
User 10357.65 10438.33
System 3988.88 3543.94
Elapsed 2203.01 1634.41
Which is substantial. Now, the reclaim figures
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1nodefrag-v1r3
Minor Faults 128458477 278352931
Major Faults 2174976 225
Swap Ins 16904701 0
Swap Outs 17359627 0
Allocation stalls 43611 0
DMA allocs 0 0
DMA32 allocs 19832646 19448017
Normal allocs 614488453 580941839
Movable allocs 0 0
Direct pages scanned 24163800 0
Kswapd pages scanned 0 0
Kswapd pages reclaimed 0 0
Direct pages reclaimed 20691346 0
Compaction stalls 42263 0
Compaction success 938 0
Compaction failures 41325 0
This patch eliminates almost all swapping and direct reclaim activity.
There is still overhead but it's from NUMA balancing which does not
identify that it's pointless trying to do anything with this workload.
I also tried the thpscale benchmark which forces a corner case where
compaction can be used heavily and measures the latency of whether base
or huge pages were used
thpscale Fault Latencies
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1 nodefrag-v1r3
Amean fault-base-1 5288.84 ( 0.00%) 2817.12 ( 46.73%)
Amean fault-base-3 6365.53 ( 0.00%) 3499.11 ( 45.03%)
Amean fault-base-5 6526.19 ( 0.00%) 4363.06 ( 33.15%)
Amean fault-base-7 7142.25 ( 0.00%) 4858.08 ( 31.98%)
Amean fault-base-12 13827.64 ( 0.00%) 10292.11 ( 25.57%)
Amean fault-base-18 18235.07 ( 0.00%) 13788.84 ( 24.38%)
Amean fault-base-24 21597.80 ( 0.00%) 24388.03 (-12.92%)
Amean fault-base-30 26754.15 ( 0.00%) 19700.55 ( 26.36%)
Amean fault-base-32 26784.94 ( 0.00%) 19513.57 ( 27.15%)
Amean fault-huge-1 4223.96 ( 0.00%) 2178.57 ( 48.42%)
Amean fault-huge-3 2194.77 ( 0.00%) 2149.74 ( 2.05%)
Amean fault-huge-5 2569.60 ( 0.00%) 2346.95 ( 8.66%)
Amean fault-huge-7 3612.69 ( 0.00%) 2997.70 ( 17.02%)
Amean fault-huge-12 3301.75 ( 0.00%) 6727.02 (-103.74%)
Amean fault-huge-18 6696.47 ( 0.00%) 6685.72 ( 0.16%)
Amean fault-huge-24 8000.72 ( 0.00%) 9311.43 (-16.38%)
Amean fault-huge-30 13305.55 ( 0.00%) 9750.45 ( 26.72%)
Amean fault-huge-32 9981.71 ( 0.00%) 10316.06 ( -3.35%)
The average time to fault pages is substantially reduced in the majority
of caseds but with the obvious caveat that fewer THPs are actually used
in this adverse workload
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1 nodefrag-v1r3
Percentage huge-1 0.71 ( 0.00%) 14.04 (1865.22%)
Percentage huge-3 10.77 ( 0.00%) 33.05 (206.85%)
Percentage huge-5 60.39 ( 0.00%) 38.51 (-36.23%)
Percentage huge-7 45.97 ( 0.00%) 34.57 (-24.79%)
Percentage huge-12 68.12 ( 0.00%) 40.07 (-41.17%)
Percentage huge-18 64.93 ( 0.00%) 47.82 (-26.35%)
Percentage huge-24 62.69 ( 0.00%) 44.23 (-29.44%)
Percentage huge-30 43.49 ( 0.00%) 55.38 ( 27.34%)
Percentage huge-32 50.72 ( 0.00%) 51.90 ( 2.35%)
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1nodefrag-v1r3
Minor Faults 37429143 47564000
Major Faults 1916 1558
Swap Ins 1466 1079
Swap Outs 2936863 149626
Allocation stalls 62510 3
DMA allocs 0 0
DMA32 allocs 6566458 6401314
Normal allocs 216361697 216538171
Movable allocs 0 0
Direct pages scanned 25977580 17998
Kswapd pages scanned 0 3638931
Kswapd pages reclaimed 0 207236
Direct pages reclaimed 8833714 88
Compaction stalls 103349 5
Compaction success 270 4
Compaction failures 103079 1
Note again that while this does swap as it's an aggressive workload, the
direct relcim activity and allocation stalls is substantially reduced.
There is some kswapd activity but ftrace showed that the kswapd activity
was due to normal wakeups from 4K pages being allocated.
Compaction-related stalls and activity are almost eliminated.
I also tried the stutter benchmark. For this, I do not have figures for
NUMA but it's something that does impact UMA so I'll report what is
available
stutter
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1 nodefrag-v1r3
Min mmap 7.3571 ( 0.00%) 7.3438 ( 0.18%)
1st-qrtle mmap 7.5278 ( 0.00%) 17.9200 (-138.05%)
2nd-qrtle mmap 7.6818 ( 0.00%) 21.6055 (-181.25%)
3rd-qrtle mmap 11.0889 ( 0.00%) 21.8881 (-97.39%)
Max-90% mmap 27.8978 ( 0.00%) 22.1632 ( 20.56%)
Max-93% mmap 28.3202 ( 0.00%) 22.3044 ( 21.24%)
Max-95% mmap 28.5600 ( 0.00%) 22.4580 ( 21.37%)
Max-99% mmap 29.6032 ( 0.00%) 25.5216 ( 13.79%)
Max mmap 4109.7289 ( 0.00%) 4813.9832 (-17.14%)
Mean mmap 12.4474 ( 0.00%) 19.3027 (-55.07%)
This benchmark is trying to fault an anonymous mapping while there is a
heavy IO load -- a scenario that desktop users used to complain about
frequently. This shows a mix because the ideal case of mapping with THP
is not hit as often. However, note that 99% of the mappings complete
13.79% faster. The CPU usage here is particularly interesting
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1nodefrag-v1r3
User 67.50 0.99
System 1327.88 91.30
Elapsed 2079.00 2128.98
And once again we look at the reclaim figures
4.4.0 4.4.0
kcompactd-v1r1nodefrag-v1r3
Minor Faults 335241922 1314582827
Major Faults 715 819
Swap Ins 0 0
Swap Outs 0 0
Allocation stalls 532723 0
DMA allocs 0 0
DMA32 allocs 1822364341 1177950222
Normal allocs 1815640808 1517844854
Movable allocs 0 0
Direct pages scanned 21892772 0
Kswapd pages scanned 20015890 41879484
Kswapd pages reclaimed 19961986 41822072
Direct pages reclaimed 21892741 0
Compaction stalls 1065755 0
Compaction success 514 0
Compaction failures 1065241 0
Allocation stalls and all direct reclaim activity is eliminated as well
as compaction-related stalls.
THP gives impressive gains in some cases but only if they are quickly
available. We're not going to reach the point where they are completely
free so lets take the costs out of the fast paths finally and defer the
cost to kswapd, kcompactd and khugepaged where it belongs.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If an oom killed thread calls mempool_alloc(), it is possible that it'll
loop forever if there are no elements on the freelist since
__GFP_NOMEMALLOC prevents it from accessing needed memory reserves in
oom conditions.
Only set __GFP_NOMEMALLOC if there are elements on the freelist. If
there are no free elements, allow allocations without the bit set so
that memory reserves can be accessed if needed.
Additionally, using mempool_alloc() with __GFP_NOMEMALLOC is not
supported since the implementation can loop forever without accessing
memory reserves when needed.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org>
Cc: Tetsuo Handa <penguin-kernel@i-love.sakura.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since __GFP_NOACCOUNT was removed by commit 20b5c30398 ("Revert 'gfp:
add __GFP_NOACCOUNT'"), its description is not necessary.
Signed-off-by: Satoru Takeuchi <takeuchi_satoru@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In machines with 140G of memory and enterprise flash storage, we have
seen read and write bursts routinely exceed the kswapd watermarks and
cause thundering herds in direct reclaim. Unfortunately, the only way
to tune kswapd aggressiveness is through adjusting min_free_kbytes - the
system's emergency reserves - which is entirely unrelated to the
system's latency requirements. In order to get kswapd to maintain a
250M buffer of free memory, the emergency reserves need to be set to 1G.
That is a lot of memory wasted for no good reason.
On the other hand, it's reasonable to assume that allocation bursts and
overall allocation concurrency scale with memory capacity, so it makes
sense to make kswapd aggressiveness a function of that as well.
Change the kswapd watermark scale factor from the currently fixed 25% of
the tunable emergency reserve to a tunable 0.1% of memory.
Beyond 1G of memory, this will produce bigger watermark steps than the
current formula in default settings. Ensure that the new formula never
chooses steps smaller than that, i.e. 25% of the emergency reserve.
On a 140G machine, this raises the default watermark steps - the
distance between min and low, and low and high - from 16M to 143M.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are few things about *pte_alloc*() helpers worth cleaning up:
- 'vma' argument is unused, let's drop it;
- most __pte_alloc() callers do speculative check for pmd_none(),
before taking ptl: let's introduce pte_alloc() macro which does
the check.
The only direct user of __pte_alloc left is userfaultfd, which has
different expectation about atomicity wrt pmd.
- pte_alloc_map() and pte_alloc_map_lock() are redefined using
pte_alloc().
[sudeep.holla@arm.com: fix build for arm64 hugetlbpage]
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix arch/arm/mm/mmu.c some more]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sudeep Holla <sudeep.holla@arm.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
