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OVERVIEW V9FS is a distributed file system for Linux which provides an implementation of the Plan 9 resource sharing protocol 9P. It can be used to share all sorts of resources: static files, synthetic file servers (such as /proc or /sys), devices, and application file servers (such as FUSE). BACKGROUND Plan 9 (http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9) is a research operating system and associated applications suite developed by the Computing Science Research Center of AT&T Bell Laboratories (now a part of Lucent Technologies), the same group that developed UNIX , C, and C++. Plan 9 was initially released in 1993 to universities, and then made generally available in 1995. Its core operating systems code laid the foundation for the Inferno Operating System released as a product by Lucent Bell-Labs in 1997. The Inferno venture was the only commercial embodiment of Plan 9 and is currently maintained as a product by Vita Nuova (http://www.vitanuova.com). After updated releases in 2000 and 2002, Plan 9 was open-sourced under the OSI approved Lucent Public License in 2003. The Plan 9 project was started by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike in 1985. Their intent was to explore potential solutions to some of the shortcomings of UNIX in the face of the widespread use of high-speed networks to connect machines. In UNIX, networking was an afterthought and UNIX clusters became little more than a network of stand-alone systems. Plan 9 was designed from first principles as a seamless distributed system with integrated secure network resource sharing. Applications and services were architected in such a way as to allow for implicit distribution across a cluster of systems. Configuring an environment to use remote application components or services in place of their local equivalent could be achieved with a few simple command line instructions. For the most part, application implementations operated independent of the location of their actual resources. Commercial operating systems haven't changed much in the 20 years since Plan 9 was conceived. Network and distributed systems support is provided by a patchwork of middle-ware, with an endless number of packages supplying pieces of the puzzle. Matters are complicated by the use of different complicated protocols for individual services, and separate implementations for kernel and application resources. The V9FS project (http://v9fs.sourceforge.net) is an attempt to bring Plan 9's unified approach to resource sharing to Linux and other operating systems via support for the 9P2000 resource sharing protocol. V9FS HISTORY V9FS was originally developed by Ron Minnich and Maya Gokhale at Los Alamos National Labs (LANL) in 1997. In November of 2001, Greg Watson setup a SourceForge project as a public repository for the code which supported the Linux 2.4 kernel. About a year ago, I picked up the initial attempt Ron Minnich had made to provide 2.6 support and got the code integrated into a 2.6.5 kernel. I then went through a line-for-line re-write attempting to clean-up the code while more closely following the Linux Kernel style guidelines. I co-authored a paper with Ron Minnich on the V9FS Linux support including performance comparisons to NFSv3 using Bonnie and PostMark - this paper appeared at the USENIX/FREENIX 2005 conference in April 2005: ( http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix05/tech/freenix/hensbergen.html ). CALL FOR PARTICIPATION/REQUEST FOR COMMENTS Our 2.6 kernel support is stabilizing and we'd like to begin pursuing its integration into the official kernel tree. We would appreciate any review, comments, critiques, and additions from this community and are actively seeking people to join our project and help us produce something that would be acceptable and useful to the Linux community. STATUS The code is reasonably stable, although there are no doubt corner cases our regression tests haven't discovered yet. It is in regular use by several of the developers and has been tested on x86 and PowerPC (32-bit and 64-bit) in both small and large (LANL cluster) deployments. Our current regression tests include fsx, bonnie, and postmark. It was our intention to keep things as simple as possible for this release -- trying to focus on correctness within the core of the protocol support versus a rich set of features. For example: a more complete security model and cache layer are in the road map, but excluded from this release. Additionally, we have removed support for mmap operations at Al Viro's request. PERFORMANCE Detailed performance numbers and analysis are included in the FREENIX paper, but we show comparable performance to NFSv3 for large file operations based on the Bonnie benchmark, and superior performance for many small file operations based on the PostMark benchmark. Somewhat preliminary graphs (from the FREENIX paper) are available (http://v9fs.sourceforge.net/perf/index.html). RESOURCES The source code is available in a few different forms: tarballs: http://v9fs.sf.net CVSweb: http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/v9fs/linux-9p/ CVS: :pserver:anonymous@cvs.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/v9fs/linux-9p Git: rsync://v9fs.graverobber.org/v9fs (webgit: http://v9fs.graverobber.org) 9P: tcp!v9fs.graverobber.org!6564 The user-level server is available from either the Plan 9 distribution or from http://v9fs.sf.net Other support applications are still being developed, but preliminary version can be downloaded from sourceforge. Documentation on the protocol has historically been the Plan 9 Man pages (http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sys/man/5/INDEX.html), but there is an effort under way to write a more complete Internet-Draft style specification (http://v9fs.sf.net/rfc). There are a couple of mailing lists supporting v9fs, but the most used is v9fs-developer@lists.sourceforge.net -- please direct/cc your comments there so the other v9fs contibutors can participate in the conversation. There is also an IRC channel: irc://freenode.net/#v9fs This part of the patch contains Documentation, Makefiles, and configuration file changes. Signed-off-by: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> |
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Linux Driver for Mylex DAC960/AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID PCI RAID Controllers
Version 2.2.11 for Linux 2.2.19
Version 2.4.11 for Linux 2.4.12
PRODUCTION RELEASE
11 October 2001
Leonard N. Zubkoff
Dandelion Digital
lnz@dandelion.com
Copyright 1998-2001 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
INTRODUCTION
Mylex, Inc. designs and manufactures a variety of high performance PCI RAID
controllers. Mylex Corporation is located at 34551 Ardenwood Blvd., Fremont,
California 94555, USA and can be reached at 510.796.6100 or on the World Wide
Web at http://www.mylex.com. Mylex Technical Support can be reached by
electronic mail at mylexsup@us.ibm.com, by voice at 510.608.2400, or by FAX at
510.745.7715. Contact information for offices in Europe and Japan is available
on their Web site.
The latest information on Linux support for DAC960 PCI RAID Controllers, as
well as the most recent release of this driver, will always be available from
my Linux Home Page at URL "http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/". The Linux DAC960
driver supports all current Mylex PCI RAID controllers including the new
eXtremeRAID 2000/3000 and AcceleRAID 352/170/160 models which have an entirely
new firmware interface from the older eXtremeRAID 1100, AcceleRAID 150/200/250,
and DAC960PJ/PG/PU/PD/PL. See below for a complete controller list as well as
minimum firmware version requirements. For simplicity, in most places this
documentation refers to DAC960 generically rather than explicitly listing all
the supported models.
Driver bug reports should be sent via electronic mail to "lnz@dandelion.com".
Please include with the bug report the complete configuration messages reported
by the driver at startup, along with any subsequent system messages relevant to
the controller's operation, and a detailed description of your system's
hardware configuration. Driver bugs are actually quite rare; if you encounter
problems with disks being marked offline, for example, please contact Mylex
Technical Support as the problem is related to the hardware configuration
rather than the Linux driver.
Please consult the RAID controller documentation for detailed information
regarding installation and configuration of the controllers. This document
primarily provides information specific to the Linux support.
DRIVER FEATURES
The DAC960 RAID controllers are supported solely as high performance RAID
controllers, not as interfaces to arbitrary SCSI devices. The Linux DAC960
driver operates at the block device level, the same level as the SCSI and IDE
drivers. Unlike other RAID controllers currently supported on Linux, the
DAC960 driver is not dependent on the SCSI subsystem, and hence avoids all the
complexity and unnecessary code that would be associated with an implementation
as a SCSI driver. The DAC960 driver is designed for as high a performance as
possible with no compromises or extra code for compatibility with lower
performance devices. The DAC960 driver includes extensive error logging and
online configuration management capabilities. Except for initial configuration
of the controller and adding new disk drives, most everything can be handled
from Linux while the system is operational.
The DAC960 driver is architected to support up to 8 controllers per system.
Each DAC960 parallel SCSI controller can support up to 15 disk drives per
channel, for a maximum of 60 drives on a four channel controller; the fibre
channel eXtremeRAID 3000 controller supports up to 125 disk drives per loop for
a total of 250 drives. The drives installed on a controller are divided into
one or more "Drive Groups", and then each Drive Group is subdivided further
into 1 to 32 "Logical Drives". Each Logical Drive has a specific RAID Level
and caching policy associated with it, and it appears to Linux as a single
block device. Logical Drives are further subdivided into up to 7 partitions
through the normal Linux and PC disk partitioning schemes. Logical Drives are
also known as "System Drives", and Drive Groups are also called "Packs". Both
terms are in use in the Mylex documentation; I have chosen to standardize on
the more generic "Logical Drive" and "Drive Group".
DAC960 RAID disk devices are named in the style of the Device File System
(DEVFS). The device corresponding to Logical Drive D on Controller C is
referred to as /dev/rd/cCdD, and the partitions are called /dev/rd/cCdDp1
through /dev/rd/cCdDp7. For example, partition 3 of Logical Drive 5 on
Controller 2 is referred to as /dev/rd/c2d5p3. Note that unlike with SCSI
disks the device names will not change in the event of a disk drive failure.
The DAC960 driver is assigned major numbers 48 - 55 with one major number per
controller. The 8 bits of minor number are divided into 5 bits for the Logical
Drive and 3 bits for the partition.
SUPPORTED DAC960/AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID PCI RAID CONTROLLERS
The following list comprises the supported DAC960, AcceleRAID, and eXtremeRAID
PCI RAID Controllers as of the date of this document. It is recommended that
anyone purchasing a Mylex PCI RAID Controller not in the following table
contact the author beforehand to verify that it is or will be supported.
eXtremeRAID 3000
1 Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI channel
2 External Fibre FC-AL channels
233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
eXtremeRAID 2000
4 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channels
233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
AcceleRAID 352
2 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channels
100MHz Intel i960RN RISC Processor
64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
AcceleRAID 170
1 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channel
100MHz Intel i960RM RISC Processor
16MB/32MB/64MB ECC SDRAM Memory
AcceleRAID 160 (AcceleRAID 170LP)
1 Wide Ultra-160 LVD SCSI channel
100MHz Intel i960RS RISC Processor
Built in 16M ECC SDRAM Memory
PCI Low Profile Form Factor - fit for 2U height
eXtremeRAID 1100 (DAC1164P)
3 Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI channels
233MHz StrongARM SA 110 Processor
64 Bit 33MHz PCI (backward compatible with 32 Bit PCI slots)
16MB/32MB/64MB Parity SDRAM Memory with Battery Backup
AcceleRAID 250 (DAC960PTL1)
Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
Also includes one onboard Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI Channel
66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
AcceleRAID 200 (DAC960PTL0)
Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
Includes no onboard SCSI Channels
66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
AcceleRAID 150 (DAC960PRL)
Uses onboard Symbios SCSI chips on certain motherboards
Also includes one onboard Wide Ultra-2/LVD SCSI Channel
33MHz Intel i960RP RISC Processor
4MB Parity EDO Memory
DAC960PJ 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
66MHz Intel i960RD RISC Processor
4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB/64MB/128MB ECC EDO Memory
DAC960PG 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
33MHz Intel i960RP RISC Processor
4MB/8MB ECC EDO Memory
DAC960PU 1/2/3 Wide Ultra SCSI-3 Channels
Intel i960CF RISC Processor
4MB/8MB EDRAM or 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
DAC960PD 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
Intel i960CF RISC Processor
4MB/8MB EDRAM or 2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
DAC960PL 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
Intel i960 RISC Processor
2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
DAC960P 1/2/3 Wide Fast SCSI-2 Channels
Intel i960 RISC Processor
2MB/4MB/8MB/16MB/32MB DRAM Memory
For the eXtremeRAID 2000/3000 and AcceleRAID 352/170/160, firmware version
6.00-01 or above is required.
For the eXtremeRAID 1100, firmware version 5.06-0-52 or above is required.
For the AcceleRAID 250, 200, and 150, firmware version 4.06-0-57 or above is
required.
For the DAC960PJ and DAC960PG, firmware version 4.06-0-00 or above is required.
For the DAC960PU, DAC960PD, DAC960PL, and DAC960P, either firmware version
3.51-0-04 or above is required (for dual Flash ROM controllers), or firmware
version 2.73-0-00 or above is required (for single Flash ROM controllers)
Please note that not all SCSI disk drives are suitable for use with DAC960
controllers, and only particular firmware versions of any given model may
actually function correctly. Similarly, not all motherboards have a BIOS that
properly initializes the AcceleRAID 250, AcceleRAID 200, AcceleRAID 150,
DAC960PJ, and DAC960PG because the Intel i960RD/RP is a multi-function device.
If in doubt, contact Mylex RAID Technical Support (mylexsup@us.ibm.com) to
verify compatibility. Mylex makes available a hard disk compatibility list at
http://www.mylex.com/support/hdcomp/hd-lists.html.
DRIVER INSTALLATION
This distribution was prepared for Linux kernel version 2.2.19 or 2.4.12.
To install the DAC960 RAID driver, you may use the following commands,
replacing "/usr/src" with wherever you keep your Linux kernel source tree:
cd /usr/src
tar -xvzf DAC960-2.2.11.tar.gz (or DAC960-2.4.11.tar.gz)
mv README.DAC960 linux/Documentation
mv DAC960.[ch] linux/drivers/block
patch -p0 < DAC960.patch (if DAC960.patch is included)
cd linux
make config
make bzImage (or zImage)
Then install "arch/i386/boot/bzImage" or "arch/i386/boot/zImage" as your
standard kernel, run lilo if appropriate, and reboot.
To create the necessary devices in /dev, the "make_rd" script included in
"DAC960-Utilities.tar.gz" from http://www.dandelion.com/Linux/ may be used.
LILO 21 and FDISK v2.9 include DAC960 support; also included in this archive
are patches to LILO 20 and FDISK v2.8 that add DAC960 support, along with
statically linked executables of LILO and FDISK. This modified version of LILO
will allow booting from a DAC960 controller and/or mounting the root file
system from a DAC960.
Red Hat Linux 6.0 and SuSE Linux 6.1 include support for Mylex PCI RAID
controllers. Installing directly onto a DAC960 may be problematic from other
Linux distributions until their installation utilities are updated.
INSTALLATION NOTES
Before installing Linux or adding DAC960 logical drives to an existing Linux
system, the controller must first be configured to provide one or more logical
drives using the BIOS Configuration Utility or DACCF. Please note that since
there are only at most 6 usable partitions on each logical drive, systems
requiring more partitions should subdivide a drive group into multiple logical
drives, each of which can have up to 6 usable partitions. Also, note that with
large disk arrays it is advisable to enable the 8GB BIOS Geometry (255/63)
rather than accepting the default 2GB BIOS Geometry (128/32); failing to so do
will cause the logical drive geometry to have more than 65535 cylinders which
will make it impossible for FDISK to be used properly. The 8GB BIOS Geometry
can be enabled by configuring the DAC960 BIOS, which is accessible via Alt-M
during the BIOS initialization sequence.
For maximum performance and the most efficient E2FSCK performance, it is
recommended that EXT2 file systems be built with a 4KB block size and 16 block
stride to match the DAC960 controller's 64KB default stripe size. The command
"mke2fs -b 4096 -R stride=16 <device>" is appropriate. Unless there will be a
large number of small files on the file systems, it is also beneficial to add
the "-i 16384" option to increase the bytes per inode parameter thereby
reducing the file system metadata. Finally, on systems that will only be run
with Linux 2.2 or later kernels it is beneficial to enable sparse superblocks
with the "-s 1" option.
DAC960 ANNOUNCEMENTS MAILING LIST
The DAC960 Announcements Mailing List provides a forum for informing Linux
users of new driver releases and other announcements regarding Linux support
for DAC960 PCI RAID Controllers. To join the mailing list, send a message to
"dac960-announce-request@dandelion.com" with the line "subscribe" in the
message body.
CONTROLLER CONFIGURATION AND STATUS MONITORING
The DAC960 RAID controllers running firmware 4.06 or above include a Background
Initialization facility so that system downtime is minimized both for initial
installation and subsequent configuration of additional storage. The BIOS
Configuration Utility (accessible via Alt-R during the BIOS initialization
sequence) is used to quickly configure the controller, and then the logical
drives that have been created are available for immediate use even while they
are still being initialized by the controller. The primary need for online
configuration and status monitoring is then to avoid system downtime when disk
drives fail and must be replaced. Mylex's online monitoring and configuration
utilities are being ported to Linux and will become available at some point in
the future. Note that with a SAF-TE (SCSI Accessed Fault-Tolerant Enclosure)
enclosure, the controller is able to rebuild failed drives automatically as
soon as a drive replacement is made available.
The primary interfaces for controller configuration and status monitoring are
special files created in the /proc/rd/... hierarchy along with the normal
system console logging mechanism. Whenever the system is operating, the DAC960
driver queries each controller for status information every 10 seconds, and
checks for additional conditions every 60 seconds. The initial status of each
controller is always available for controller N in /proc/rd/cN/initial_status,
and the current status as of the last status monitoring query is available in
/proc/rd/cN/current_status. In addition, status changes are also logged by the
driver to the system console and will appear in the log files maintained by
syslog. The progress of asynchronous rebuild or consistency check operations
is also available in /proc/rd/cN/current_status, and progress messages are
logged to the system console at most every 60 seconds.
Starting with the 2.2.3/2.0.3 versions of the driver, the status information
available in /proc/rd/cN/initial_status and /proc/rd/cN/current_status has been
augmented to include the vendor, model, revision, and serial number (if
available) for each physical device found connected to the controller:
***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.2.3 of 19 August 1999 *****
Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
Configuring Mylex DAC960PRL PCI RAID Controller
Firmware Version: 4.07-0-07, Channels: 1, Memory Size: 16MB
PCI Bus: 1, Device: 4, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
PCI Address: 0xFE300000 mapped at 0xA0800000, IRQ Channel: 21
Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
SAF-TE Enclosure Management Enabled
Physical Devices:
0:0 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 68016775HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:1 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 68004E53HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:2 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 13013935HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:3 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 13016897HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:4 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 68019905HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:5 Vendor: IBM Model: DRVS09D Revision: 0270
Serial Number: 68012753HA
Disk Status: Online, 17928192 blocks
0:6 Vendor: ESG-SHV Model: SCA HSBP M6 Revision: 0.61
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 89640960 blocks, Write Thru
No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
To simplify the monitoring process for custom software, the special file
/proc/rd/status returns "OK" when all DAC960 controllers in the system are
operating normally and no failures have occurred, or "ALERT" if any logical
drives are offline or critical or any non-standby physical drives are dead.
Configuration commands for controller N are available via the special file
/proc/rd/cN/user_command. A human readable command can be written to this
special file to initiate a configuration operation, and the results of the
operation can then be read back from the special file in addition to being
logged to the system console. The shell command sequence
echo "<configuration-command>" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
is typically used to execute configuration commands. The configuration
commands are:
flush-cache
The "flush-cache" command flushes the controller's cache. The system
automatically flushes the cache at shutdown or if the driver module is
unloaded, so this command is only needed to be certain a write back cache
is flushed to disk before the system is powered off by a command to a UPS.
Note that the flush-cache command also stops an asynchronous rebuild or
consistency check, so it should not be used except when the system is being
halted.
kill <channel>:<target-id>
The "kill" command marks the physical drive <channel>:<target-id> as DEAD.
This command is provided primarily for testing, and should not be used
during normal system operation.
make-online <channel>:<target-id>
The "make-online" command changes the physical drive <channel>:<target-id>
from status DEAD to status ONLINE. In cases where multiple physical drives
have been killed simultaneously, this command may be used to bring all but
one of them back online, after which a rebuild to the final drive is
necessary.
Warning: make-online should only be used on a dead physical drive that is
an active part of a drive group, never on a standby drive. The command
should never be used on a dead drive that is part of a critical logical
drive; rebuild should be used if only a single drive is dead.
make-standby <channel>:<target-id>
The "make-standby" command changes physical drive <channel>:<target-id>
from status DEAD to status STANDBY. It should only be used in cases where
a dead drive was replaced after an automatic rebuild was performed onto a
standby drive. It cannot be used to add a standby drive to the controller
configuration if one was not created initially; the BIOS Configuration
Utility must be used for that currently.
rebuild <channel>:<target-id>
The "rebuild" command initiates an asynchronous rebuild onto physical drive
<channel>:<target-id>. It should only be used when a dead drive has been
replaced.
check-consistency <logical-drive-number>
The "check-consistency" command initiates an asynchronous consistency check
of <logical-drive-number> with automatic restoration. It can be used
whenever it is desired to verify the consistency of the redundancy
information.
cancel-rebuild
cancel-consistency-check
The "cancel-rebuild" and "cancel-consistency-check" commands cancel any
rebuild or consistency check operations previously initiated.
EXAMPLE I - DRIVE FAILURE WITHOUT A STANDBY DRIVE
The following annotated logs demonstrate the controller configuration and and
online status monitoring capabilities of the Linux DAC960 Driver. The test
configuration comprises 6 1GB Quantum Atlas I disk drives on two channels of a
DAC960PJ controller. The physical drives are configured into a single drive
group without a standby drive, and the drive group has been configured into two
logical drives, one RAID-5 and one RAID-6. Note that these logs are from an
earlier version of the driver and the messages have changed somewhat with newer
releases, but the functionality remains similar. First, here is the current
status of the RAID configuration:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
OK
The above messages indicate that everything is healthy, and /proc/rd/status
returns "OK" indicating that there are no problems with any DAC960 controller
in the system. For demonstration purposes, while I/O is active Physical Drive
1:1 is now disconnected, simulating a drive failure. The failure is noted by
the driver within 10 seconds of the controller's having detected it, and the
driver logs the following console status messages indicating that Logical
Drives 0 and 1 are now CRITICAL as a result of Physical Drive 1:1 being DEAD:
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 killed because of timeout on SCSI command
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now DEAD
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now CRITICAL
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now CRITICAL
The Sense Keys logged here are just Check Condition / Unit Attention conditions
arising from a SCSI bus reset that is forced by the controller during its error
recovery procedures. Concurrently with the above, the driver status available
from /proc/rd also reflects the drive failure. The status message in
/proc/rd/status has changed from "OK" to "ALERT":
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
ALERT
and /proc/rd/c0/current_status has been updated:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
Since there are no standby drives configured, the system can continue to access
the logical drives in a performance degraded mode until the failed drive is
replaced and a rebuild operation completed to restore the redundancy of the
logical drives. Once Physical Drive 1:1 is replaced with a properly
functioning drive, or if the physical drive was killed without having failed
(e.g., due to electrical problems on the SCSI bus), the user can instruct the
controller to initiate a rebuild operation onto the newly replaced drive:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# echo "rebuild 1:1" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
Rebuild of Physical Drive 1:1 Initiated
The echo command instructs the controller to initiate an asynchronous rebuild
operation onto Physical Drive 1:1, and the status message that results from the
operation is then available for reading from /proc/rd/c0/user_command, as well
as being logged to the console by the driver.
Within 10 seconds of this command the driver logs the initiation of the
asynchronous rebuild operation:
DAC960#0: Rebuild of Physical Drive 1:1 Initiated
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 01
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now WRITE-ONLY
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 1% completed
and /proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 6% completed
As the rebuild progresses, the current status in /proc/rd/c0/current_status is
updated every 10 seconds:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 15% completed
and every minute a progress message is logged to the console by the driver:
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 32% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 63% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 94% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 94% completed
Finally, the rebuild completes successfully. The driver logs the status of the
logical and physical drives and the rebuild completion:
DAC960#0: Rebuild Completed Successfully
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 is now ONLINE
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now ONLINE
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now ONLINE
/proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 5498880 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 3305472 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild Completed Successfully
and /proc/rd/status indicates that everything is healthy once again:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
OK
EXAMPLE II - DRIVE FAILURE WITH A STANDBY DRIVE
The following annotated logs demonstrate the controller configuration and and
online status monitoring capabilities of the Linux DAC960 Driver. The test
configuration comprises 6 1GB Quantum Atlas I disk drives on two channels of a
DAC960PJ controller. The physical drives are configured into a single drive
group with a standby drive, and the drive group has been configured into two
logical drives, one RAID-5 and one RAID-6. Note that these logs are from an
earlier version of the driver and the messages have changed somewhat with newer
releases, but the functionality remains similar. First, here is the current
status of the RAID configuration:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Standby, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
No Rebuild or Consistency Check in Progress
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
OK
The above messages indicate that everything is healthy, and /proc/rd/status
returns "OK" indicating that there are no problems with any DAC960 controller
in the system. For demonstration purposes, while I/O is active Physical Drive
1:2 is now disconnected, simulating a drive failure. The failure is noted by
the driver within 10 seconds of the controller's having detected it, and the
driver logs the following console status messages:
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:1 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 02
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 killed because of timeout on SCSI command
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 is now DEAD
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 killed because it was removed
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now CRITICAL
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now CRITICAL
Since a standby drive is configured, the controller automatically begins
rebuilding onto the standby drive:
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 is now WRITE-ONLY
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 4% completed
Concurrently with the above, the driver status available from /proc/rd also
reflects the drive failure and automatic rebuild. The status message in
/proc/rd/status has changed from "OK" to "ALERT":
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
ALERT
and /proc/rd/c0/current_status has been updated:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 4% completed
As the rebuild progresses, the current status in /proc/rd/c0/current_status is
updated every 10 seconds:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Write-Only, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Critical, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Critical, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 40% completed
and every minute a progress message is logged on the console by the driver:
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 40% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) 76% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 66% completed
DAC960#0: Rebuild in Progress: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) 84% completed
Finally, the rebuild completes successfully. The driver logs the status of the
logical and physical drives and the rebuild completion:
DAC960#0: Rebuild Completed Successfully
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:3 is now ONLINE
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 0 (/dev/rd/c0d0) is now ONLINE
DAC960#0: Logical Drive 1 (/dev/rd/c0d1) is now ONLINE
/proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
***** DAC960 RAID Driver Version 2.0.0 of 23 March 1999 *****
Copyright 1998-1999 by Leonard N. Zubkoff <lnz@dandelion.com>
Configuring Mylex DAC960PJ PCI RAID Controller
Firmware Version: 4.06-0-08, Channels: 3, Memory Size: 8MB
PCI Bus: 0, Device: 19, Function: 1, I/O Address: Unassigned
PCI Address: 0xFD4FC000 mapped at 0x8807000, IRQ Channel: 9
Controller Queue Depth: 128, Maximum Blocks per Command: 128
Driver Queue Depth: 127, Maximum Scatter/Gather Segments: 33
Stripe Size: 64KB, Segment Size: 8KB, BIOS Geometry: 255/63
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Dead, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild Completed Successfully
and /proc/rd/status indicates that everything is healthy once again:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/status
OK
Note that the absence of a viable standby drive does not create an "ALERT"
status. Once dead Physical Drive 1:2 has been replaced, the controller must be
told that this has occurred and that the newly replaced drive should become the
new standby drive:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# echo "make-standby 1:2" > /proc/rd/c0/user_command
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/user_command
Make Standby of Physical Drive 1:2 Succeeded
The echo command instructs the controller to make Physical Drive 1:2 into a
standby drive, and the status message that results from the operation is then
available for reading from /proc/rd/c0/user_command, as well as being logged to
the console by the driver. Within 60 seconds of this command the driver logs:
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 Error Log: Sense Key = 6, ASC = 29, ASCQ = 01
DAC960#0: Physical Drive 1:2 is now STANDBY
DAC960#0: Make Standby of Physical Drive 1:2 Succeeded
and /proc/rd/c0/current_status is updated:
gwynedd:/u/lnz# cat /proc/rd/c0/current_status
...
Physical Devices:
0:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:2 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
0:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:1 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
1:2 - Disk: Standby, 2201600 blocks
1:3 - Disk: Online, 2201600 blocks
Logical Drives:
/dev/rd/c0d0: RAID-5, Online, 4399104 blocks, Write Thru
/dev/rd/c0d1: RAID-6, Online, 2754560 blocks, Write Thru
Rebuild Completed Successfully