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Now that the building blocks of pointer authentication are present, lets add userspace flags KVM_ARM_VCPU_PTRAUTH_ADDRESS and KVM_ARM_VCPU_PTRAUTH_GENERIC. These flags will enable pointer authentication for the KVM guest on a per-vcpu basis through the ioctl KVM_ARM_VCPU_INIT. This features will allow the KVM guest to allow the handling of pointer authentication instructions or to treat them as undefined if not set. Necessary documentations are added to reflect the changes done. Reviewed-by: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Amit Daniel Kachhap <amit.kachhap@arm.com> Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com> Cc: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@arm.com> Cc: kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>
108 lines
4.5 KiB
Plaintext
108 lines
4.5 KiB
Plaintext
Pointer authentication in AArch64 Linux
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=======================================
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Author: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
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Date: 2017-07-19
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This document briefly describes the provision of pointer authentication
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functionality in AArch64 Linux.
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Architecture overview
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---------------------
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The ARMv8.3 Pointer Authentication extension adds primitives that can be
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used to mitigate certain classes of attack where an attacker can corrupt
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the contents of some memory (e.g. the stack).
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The extension uses a Pointer Authentication Code (PAC) to determine
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whether pointers have been modified unexpectedly. A PAC is derived from
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a pointer, another value (such as the stack pointer), and a secret key
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held in system registers.
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The extension adds instructions to insert a valid PAC into a pointer,
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and to verify/remove the PAC from a pointer. The PAC occupies a number
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of high-order bits of the pointer, which varies dependent on the
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configured virtual address size and whether pointer tagging is in use.
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A subset of these instructions have been allocated from the HINT
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encoding space. In the absence of the extension (or when disabled),
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these instructions behave as NOPs. Applications and libraries using
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these instructions operate correctly regardless of the presence of the
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extension.
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The extension provides five separate keys to generate PACs - two for
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instruction addresses (APIAKey, APIBKey), two for data addresses
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(APDAKey, APDBKey), and one for generic authentication (APGAKey).
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Basic support
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-------------
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When CONFIG_ARM64_PTR_AUTH is selected, and relevant HW support is
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present, the kernel will assign random key values to each process at
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exec*() time. The keys are shared by all threads within the process, and
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are preserved across fork().
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Presence of address authentication functionality is advertised via
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HWCAP_PACA, and generic authentication functionality via HWCAP_PACG.
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The number of bits that the PAC occupies in a pointer is 55 minus the
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virtual address size configured by the kernel. For example, with a
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virtual address size of 48, the PAC is 7 bits wide.
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Recent versions of GCC can compile code with APIAKey-based return
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address protection when passed the -msign-return-address option. This
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uses instructions in the HINT space (unless -march=armv8.3-a or higher
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is also passed), and such code can run on systems without the pointer
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authentication extension.
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In addition to exec(), keys can also be reinitialized to random values
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using the PR_PAC_RESET_KEYS prctl. A bitmask of PR_PAC_APIAKEY,
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PR_PAC_APIBKEY, PR_PAC_APDAKEY, PR_PAC_APDBKEY and PR_PAC_APGAKEY
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specifies which keys are to be reinitialized; specifying 0 means "all
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keys".
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Debugging
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---------
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When CONFIG_ARM64_PTR_AUTH is selected, and HW support for address
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authentication is present, the kernel will expose the position of TTBR0
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PAC bits in the NT_ARM_PAC_MASK regset (struct user_pac_mask), which
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userspace can acquire via PTRACE_GETREGSET.
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The regset is exposed only when HWCAP_PACA is set. Separate masks are
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exposed for data pointers and instruction pointers, as the set of PAC
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bits can vary between the two. Note that the masks apply to TTBR0
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addresses, and are not valid to apply to TTBR1 addresses (e.g. kernel
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pointers).
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Additionally, when CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE is also set, the kernel
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will expose the NT_ARM_PACA_KEYS and NT_ARM_PACG_KEYS regsets (struct
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user_pac_address_keys and struct user_pac_generic_keys). These can be
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used to get and set the keys for a thread.
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Virtualization
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--------------
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Pointer authentication is enabled in KVM guest when each virtual cpu is
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initialised by passing flags KVM_ARM_VCPU_PTRAUTH_[ADDRESS/GENERIC] and
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requesting these two separate cpu features to be enabled. The current KVM
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guest implementation works by enabling both features together, so both
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these userspace flags are checked before enabling pointer authentication.
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The separate userspace flag will allow to have no userspace ABI changes
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if support is added in the future to allow these two features to be
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enabled independently of one another.
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As Arm Architecture specifies that Pointer Authentication feature is
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implemented along with the VHE feature so KVM arm64 ptrauth code relies
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on VHE mode to be present.
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Additionally, when these vcpu feature flags are not set then KVM will
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filter out the Pointer Authentication system key registers from
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KVM_GET/SET_REG_* ioctls and mask those features from cpufeature ID
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register. Any attempt to use the Pointer Authentication instructions will
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result in an UNDEFINED exception being injected into the guest.
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