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64870ed1b1
For MDS vulnerable processors with TSX support, enabling either MDS or
TAA mitigations will enable the use of VERW to flush internal processor
buffers at the right code path. IOW, they are either both mitigated
or both not. However, if the command line options are inconsistent,
the vulnerabilites sysfs files may not report the mitigation status
correctly.
For example, with only the "mds=off" option:
vulnerabilities/mds:Vulnerable; SMT vulnerable
vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort:Mitigation: Clear CPU buffers; SMT vulnerable
The mds vulnerabilities file has wrong status in this case. Similarly,
the taa vulnerability file will be wrong with mds mitigation on, but
taa off.
Change taa_select_mitigation() to sync up the two mitigation status
and have them turned off if both "mds=off" and "tsx_async_abort=off"
are present.
Update documentation to emphasize the fact that both "mds=off" and
"tsx_async_abort=off" have to be specified together for processors that
are affected by both TAA and MDS to be effective.
[ bp: Massage and add kernel-parameters.txt change too. ]
Fixes: 1b42f01741 ("x86/speculation/taa: Add mitigation for TSX Async Abort")
Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <longman@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Mark Gross <mgross@linux.intel.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Pawan Gupta <pawan.kumar.gupta@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Tyler Hicks <tyhicks@canonical.com>
Cc: x86-ml <x86@kernel.org>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20191115161445.30809-2-longman@redhat.com
280 lines
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ReStructuredText
280 lines
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ReStructuredText
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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TAA - TSX Asynchronous Abort
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======================================
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TAA is a hardware vulnerability that allows unprivileged speculative access to
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data which is available in various CPU internal buffers by using asynchronous
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aborts within an Intel TSX transactional region.
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Affected processors
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-------------------
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This vulnerability only affects Intel processors that support Intel
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Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX) when the TAA_NO bit (bit 8)
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is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR. On processors where the MDS_NO bit
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(bit 5) is 0 in the IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR, the existing MDS mitigations
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also mitigate against TAA.
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Whether a processor is affected or not can be read out from the TAA
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vulnerability file in sysfs. See :ref:`tsx_async_abort_sys_info`.
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Related CVEs
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------------
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The following CVE entry is related to this TAA issue:
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============== ===== ===================================================
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CVE-2019-11135 TAA TSX Asynchronous Abort (TAA) condition on some
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microprocessors utilizing speculative execution may
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allow an authenticated user to potentially enable
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information disclosure via a side channel with
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local access.
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============== ===== ===================================================
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Problem
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-------
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When performing store, load or L1 refill operations, processors write
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data into temporary microarchitectural structures (buffers). The data in
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those buffers can be forwarded to load operations as an optimization.
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Intel TSX is an extension to the x86 instruction set architecture that adds
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hardware transactional memory support to improve performance of multi-threaded
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software. TSX lets the processor expose and exploit concurrency hidden in an
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application due to dynamically avoiding unnecessary synchronization.
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TSX supports atomic memory transactions that are either committed (success) or
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aborted. During an abort, operations that happened within the transactional region
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are rolled back. An asynchronous abort takes place, among other options, when a
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different thread accesses a cache line that is also used within the transactional
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region when that access might lead to a data race.
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Immediately after an uncompleted asynchronous abort, certain speculatively
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executed loads may read data from those internal buffers and pass it to dependent
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operations. This can be then used to infer the value via a cache side channel
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attack.
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Because the buffers are potentially shared between Hyper-Threads cross
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Hyper-Thread attacks are possible.
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The victim of a malicious actor does not need to make use of TSX. Only the
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attacker needs to begin a TSX transaction and raise an asynchronous abort
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which in turn potenitally leaks data stored in the buffers.
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More detailed technical information is available in the TAA specific x86
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architecture section: :ref:`Documentation/x86/tsx_async_abort.rst <tsx_async_abort>`.
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Attack scenarios
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----------------
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Attacks against the TAA vulnerability can be implemented from unprivileged
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applications running on hosts or guests.
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As for MDS, the attacker has no control over the memory addresses that can
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be leaked. Only the victim is responsible for bringing data to the CPU. As
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a result, the malicious actor has to sample as much data as possible and
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then postprocess it to try to infer any useful information from it.
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A potential attacker only has read access to the data. Also, there is no direct
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privilege escalation by using this technique.
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.. _tsx_async_abort_sys_info:
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TAA system information
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-----------------------
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The Linux kernel provides a sysfs interface to enumerate the current TAA status
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of mitigated systems. The relevant sysfs file is:
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/sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/tsx_async_abort
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The possible values in this file are:
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.. list-table::
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* - 'Vulnerable'
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- The CPU is affected by this vulnerability and the microcode and kernel mitigation are not applied.
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* - 'Vulnerable: Clear CPU buffers attempted, no microcode'
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- The system tries to clear the buffers but the microcode might not support the operation.
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* - 'Mitigation: Clear CPU buffers'
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- The microcode has been updated to clear the buffers. TSX is still enabled.
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* - 'Mitigation: TSX disabled'
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- TSX is disabled.
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* - 'Not affected'
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- The CPU is not affected by this issue.
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.. _ucode_needed:
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Best effort mitigation mode
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If the processor is vulnerable, but the availability of the microcode-based
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mitigation mechanism is not advertised via CPUID the kernel selects a best
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effort mitigation mode. This mode invokes the mitigation instructions
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without a guarantee that they clear the CPU buffers.
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This is done to address virtualization scenarios where the host has the
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microcode update applied, but the hypervisor is not yet updated to expose the
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CPUID to the guest. If the host has updated microcode the protection takes
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effect; otherwise a few CPU cycles are wasted pointlessly.
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The state in the tsx_async_abort sysfs file reflects this situation
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accordingly.
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Mitigation mechanism
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--------------------
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The kernel detects the affected CPUs and the presence of the microcode which is
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required. If a CPU is affected and the microcode is available, then the kernel
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enables the mitigation by default.
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The mitigation can be controlled at boot time via a kernel command line option.
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See :ref:`taa_mitigation_control_command_line`.
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.. _virt_mechanism:
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Virtualization mitigation
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Affected systems where the host has TAA microcode and TAA is mitigated by
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having disabled TSX previously, are not vulnerable regardless of the status
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of the VMs.
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In all other cases, if the host either does not have the TAA microcode or
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the kernel is not mitigated, the system might be vulnerable.
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.. _taa_mitigation_control_command_line:
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Mitigation control on the kernel command line
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---------------------------------------------
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The kernel command line allows to control the TAA mitigations at boot time with
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the option "tsx_async_abort=". The valid arguments for this option are:
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============ =============================================================
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off This option disables the TAA mitigation on affected platforms.
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If the system has TSX enabled (see next parameter) and the CPU
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is affected, the system is vulnerable.
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full TAA mitigation is enabled. If TSX is enabled, on an affected
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system it will clear CPU buffers on ring transitions. On
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systems which are MDS-affected and deploy MDS mitigation,
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TAA is also mitigated. Specifying this option on those
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systems will have no effect.
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full,nosmt The same as tsx_async_abort=full, with SMT disabled on
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vulnerable CPUs that have TSX enabled. This is the complete
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mitigation. When TSX is disabled, SMT is not disabled because
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CPU is not vulnerable to cross-thread TAA attacks.
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============ =============================================================
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Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx_async_abort=full". For
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processors that are affected by both TAA and MDS, specifying just
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"tsx_async_abort=off" without an accompanying "mds=off" will have no
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effect as the same mitigation is used for both vulnerabilities.
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The kernel command line also allows to control the TSX feature using the
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parameter "tsx=" on CPUs which support TSX control. MSR_IA32_TSX_CTRL is used
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to control the TSX feature and the enumeration of the TSX feature bits (RTM
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and HLE) in CPUID.
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The valid options are:
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============ =============================================================
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off Disables TSX on the system.
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Note that this option takes effect only on newer CPUs which are
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not vulnerable to MDS, i.e., have MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=1
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and which get the new IA32_TSX_CTRL MSR through a microcode
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update. This new MSR allows for the reliable deactivation of
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the TSX functionality.
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on Enables TSX.
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Although there are mitigations for all known security
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vulnerabilities, TSX has been known to be an accelerator for
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several previous speculation-related CVEs, and so there may be
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unknown security risks associated with leaving it enabled.
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auto Disables TSX if X86_BUG_TAA is present, otherwise enables TSX
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on the system.
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============ =============================================================
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Not specifying this option is equivalent to "tsx=off".
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The following combinations of the "tsx_async_abort" and "tsx" are possible. For
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affected platforms tsx=auto is equivalent to tsx=off and the result will be:
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========= ========================== =========================================
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tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full The system will use VERW to clear CPU
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buffers. Cross-thread attacks are still
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possible on SMT machines.
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tsx=on tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt As above, cross-thread attacks on SMT
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mitigated.
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tsx=on tsx_async_abort=off The system is vulnerable.
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tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full TSX might be disabled if microcode
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provides a TSX control MSR. If so,
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system is not vulnerable.
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tsx=off tsx_async_abort=full,nosmt Ditto
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tsx=off tsx_async_abort=off ditto
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========= ========================== =========================================
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For unaffected platforms "tsx=on" and "tsx_async_abort=full" does not clear CPU
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buffers. For platforms without TSX control (MSR_IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES.MDS_NO=0)
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"tsx" command line argument has no effect.
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For the affected platforms below table indicates the mitigation status for the
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combinations of CPUID bit MD_CLEAR and IA32_ARCH_CAPABILITIES MSR bits MDS_NO
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and TSX_CTRL_MSR.
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======= ========= ============= ========================================
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MDS_NO MD_CLEAR TSX_CTRL_MSR Status
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======= ========= ============= ========================================
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0 0 0 Vulnerable (needs microcode)
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0 1 0 MDS and TAA mitigated via VERW
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1 1 0 MDS fixed, TAA vulnerable if TSX enabled
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because MD_CLEAR has no meaning and
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VERW is not guaranteed to clear buffers
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1 X 1 MDS fixed, TAA can be mitigated by
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VERW or TSX_CTRL_MSR
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======= ========= ============= ========================================
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Mitigation selection guide
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--------------------------
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1. Trusted userspace and guests
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If all user space applications are from a trusted source and do not execute
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untrusted code which is supplied externally, then the mitigation can be
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disabled. The same applies to virtualized environments with trusted guests.
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2. Untrusted userspace and guests
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If there are untrusted applications or guests on the system, enabling TSX
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might allow a malicious actor to leak data from the host or from other
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processes running on the same physical core.
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If the microcode is available and the TSX is disabled on the host, attacks
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are prevented in a virtualized environment as well, even if the VMs do not
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explicitly enable the mitigation.
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.. _taa_default_mitigations:
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Default mitigations
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-------------------
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The kernel's default action for vulnerable processors is:
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- Deploy TSX disable mitigation (tsx_async_abort=full tsx=off).
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