anon_vma_prepare() is mostly a large "if (unlikely(...))" block, as the
expected common case is that an anon_vma already exists. We could turn
the condition around and return 0, but it also makes sense to do it
inline and avoid a call for the common case.
Bloat-o-meter naturally shows that inlining the check has some code size
costs:
add/remove: 1/1 grow/shrink: 4/0 up/down: 475/-373 (102)
function old new delta
__anon_vma_prepare - 359 +359
handle_mm_fault 2744 2796 +52
hugetlb_cow 1146 1170 +24
hugetlb_fault 2123 2145 +22
wp_page_copy 1469 1487 +18
anon_vma_prepare 373 - -373
Checking the asm however confirms that the hot paths now avoid a call,
which is moved away.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161116074005.22768-1-vbabka@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Naive approach: on mapping/unmapping the page as compound we update
->_mapcount on each 4k page. That's not efficient, but it's not obvious
how we can optimize this. We can look into optimization later.
PG_double_map optimization doesn't work for file pages since lifecycle
of file pages is different comparing to anon pages: file page can be
mapped again at any time.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1466021202-61880-11-git-send-email-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The VM_BUG_ON_PAGE in page_move_anon_rmap() is more trouble than it's
worth: the syzkaller fuzzer hit it again. It's still wrong for some THP
cases, because linear_page_index() was never intended to apply to
addresses before the start of a vma.
That's easily fixed with a signed long cast inside linear_page_index();
and Dmitry has tested such a patch, to verify the false positive. But
why extend linear_page_index() just for this case? when the avoidance in
page_move_anon_rmap() has already grown ugly, and there's no reason for
the check at all (nothing else there is using address or index).
Remove address arg from page_move_anon_rmap(), remove VM_BUG_ON_PAGE,
remove CONFIG_DEBUG_VM PageTransHuge adjustment.
And one more thing: should the compound_head(page) be done inside or
outside page_move_anon_rmap()? It's usually pushed down to the lowest
level nowadays (and mm/memory.c shows no other explicit use of it), so I
think it's better done in page_move_anon_rmap() than by caller.
Fixes: 0798d3c022 ("mm: thp: avoid false positive VM_BUG_ON_PAGE in page_move_anon_rmap()")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/alpine.LSU.2.11.1607120444540.12528@eggly.anvils
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mika Westerberg <mika.westerberg@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.5+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Make remove_migration_ptes() available to be used in split_huge_page().
New parameter 'locked' added: as with try_to_umap() we need a way to
indicate that caller holds rmap lock.
We also shouldn't try to mlock() pte-mapped huge pages: pte-mapeed THP
pages are never mlocked.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add support for two ttu_flags:
- TTU_SPLIT_HUGE_PMD would split PMD if it's there, before trying to
unmap page;
- TTU_RMAP_LOCKED indicates that caller holds relevant rmap lock;
Also, change rwc->done to !page_mapcount() instead of !page_mapped().
try_to_unmap() works on pte level, so we are really interested in the
mappedness of this small page rather than of the compound page it's a
part of.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset rewrites freeze_page() and unfreeze_page() using
try_to_unmap() and remove_migration_ptes(). Result is much simpler, but
somewhat slower.
Migration 8GiB worth of PMD-mapped THP:
Baseline 20.21 +/- 0.393
Patched 20.73 +/- 0.082
Slowdown 1.03x
It's 3% slower, comparing to 14% in v1. I don't it should be a stopper.
Splitting of PTE-mapped pages slowed more. But this is not a common
case.
Migration 8GiB worth of PMD-mapped THP:
Baseline 20.39 +/- 0.225
Patched 22.43 +/- 0.496
Slowdown 1.10x
rmap_walk_locked() is the same as rmap_walk(), but the caller takes care
of the relevant rmap lock.
This is preparation for switching THP splitting from custom rmap walk in
freeze_page()/unfreeze_page() to the generic one.
There is no support for KSM pages for now: not clear which lock is
implied.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Sequence vma_lock_anon_vma() - vma_unlock_anon_vma() isn't safe if
anon_vma appeared between lock and unlock. We have to check anon_vma
first or call anon_vma_prepare() to be sure that it's here. There are
only few users of these legacy helpers. Let's get rid of them.
This patch fixes anon_vma lock imbalance in validate_mm(). Write lock
isn't required here, read lock is enough.
And reorders expand_downwards/expand_upwards: security_mmap_addr() and
wrapping-around check don't have to be under anon vma lock.
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/CACT4Y+Y908EjM2z=706dv4rV6dWtxTLK9nFg9_7DhRMLppBo2g@mail.gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Linux doesn't have an ability to free pages lazy while other OS already
have been supported that named by madvise(MADV_FREE).
The gain is clear that kernel can discard freed pages rather than
swapping out or OOM if memory pressure happens.
Without memory pressure, freed pages would be reused by userspace
without another additional overhead(ex, page fault + allocation +
zeroing).
Jason Evans said:
: Facebook has been using MAP_UNINITIALIZED
: (https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/1/18/308) in some of its applications for
: several years, but there are operational costs to maintaining this
: out-of-tree in our kernel and in jemalloc, and we are anxious to retire it
: in favor of MADV_FREE. When we first enabled MAP_UNINITIALIZED it
: increased throughput for much of our workload by ~5%, and although the
: benefit has decreased using newer hardware and kernels, there is still
: enough benefit that we cannot reasonably retire it without a replacement.
:
: Aside from Facebook operations, there are numerous broadly used
: applications that would benefit from MADV_FREE. The ones that immediately
: come to mind are redis, varnish, and MariaDB. I don't have much insight
: into Android internals and development process, but I would hope to see
: MADV_FREE support eventually end up there as well to benefit applications
: linked with the integrated jemalloc.
:
: jemalloc will use MADV_FREE once it becomes available in the Linux kernel.
: In fact, jemalloc already uses MADV_FREE or equivalent everywhere it's
: available: *BSD, OS X, Windows, and Solaris -- every platform except Linux
: (and AIX, but I'm not sure it even compiles on AIX). The lack of
: MADV_FREE on Linux forced me down a long series of increasingly
: sophisticated heuristics for madvise() volume reduction, and even so this
: remains a common performance issue for people using jemalloc on Linux.
: Please integrate MADV_FREE; many people will benefit substantially.
How it works:
When madvise syscall is called, VM clears dirty bit of ptes of the
range. If memory pressure happens, VM checks dirty bit of page table
and if it found still "clean", it means it's a "lazyfree pages" so VM
could discard the page instead of swapping out. Once there was store
operation for the page before VM peek a page to reclaim, dirty bit is
set so VM can swap out the page instead of discarding.
One thing we should notice is that basically, MADV_FREE relies on dirty
bit in page table entry to decide whether VM allows to discard the page
or not. IOW, if page table entry includes marked dirty bit, VM
shouldn't discard the page.
However, as a example, if swap-in by read fault happens, page table
entry doesn't have dirty bit so MADV_FREE could discard the page
wrongly.
For avoiding the problem, MADV_FREE did more checks with PageDirty and
PageSwapCache. It worked out because swapped-in page lives on swap
cache and since it is evicted from the swap cache, the page has PG_dirty
flag. So both page flags check effectively prevent wrong discarding by
MADV_FREE.
However, a problem in above logic is that swapped-in page has PG_dirty
still after they are removed from swap cache so VM cannot consider the
page as freeable any more even if madvise_free is called in future.
Look at below example for detail.
ptr = malloc();
memset(ptr);
..
..
.. heavy memory pressure so all of pages are swapped out
..
..
var = *ptr; -> a page swapped-in and could be removed from
swapcache. Then, page table doesn't mark
dirty bit and page descriptor includes PG_dirty
..
..
madvise_free(ptr); -> It doesn't clear PG_dirty of the page.
..
..
..
.. heavy memory pressure again.
.. In this time, VM cannot discard the page because the page
.. has *PG_dirty*
To solve the problem, this patch clears PG_dirty if only the page is
owned exclusively by current process when madvise is called because
PG_dirty represents ptes's dirtiness in several processes so we could
clear it only if we own it exclusively.
Firstly, heavy users would be general allocators(ex, jemalloc, tcmalloc
and hope glibc supports it) and jemalloc/tcmalloc already have supported
the feature for other OS(ex, FreeBSD)
barrios@blaptop:~/benchmark/ebizzy$ lscpu
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 12
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-11
Thread(s) per core: 1
Core(s) per socket: 1
Socket(s): 12
NUMA node(s): 1
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
CPU family: 6
Model: 2
Stepping: 3
CPU MHz: 3200.185
BogoMIPS: 6400.53
Virtualization: VT-x
Hypervisor vendor: KVM
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache: 32K
L1i cache: 32K
L2 cache: 4096K
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-11
ebizzy benchmark(./ebizzy -S 10 -n 512)
Higher avg is better.
vanilla-jemalloc MADV_free-jemalloc
1 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 2961.90 avg: 12069.70
std: 71.96(2.43%) std: 186.68(1.55%)
max: 3070.00 max: 12385.00
min: 2796.00 min: 11746.00
2 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 5020.00 avg: 17827.00
std: 264.87(5.28%) std: 358.52(2.01%)
max: 5244.00 max: 18760.00
min: 4251.00 min: 17382.00
4 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 8988.80 avg: 27930.80
std: 1175.33(13.08%) std: 3317.33(11.88%)
max: 9508.00 max: 30879.00
min: 5477.00 min: 21024.00
8 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 13036.50 avg: 33739.40
std: 170.67(1.31%) std: 5146.22(15.25%)
max: 13371.00 max: 40572.00
min: 12785.00 min: 24088.00
16 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 11092.40 avg: 31424.20
std: 710.60(6.41%) std: 3763.89(11.98%)
max: 12446.00 max: 36635.00
min: 9949.00 min: 25669.00
32 thread
records: 10 records: 10
avg: 11067.00 avg: 34495.80
std: 971.06(8.77%) std: 2721.36(7.89%)
max: 12010.00 max: 38598.00
min: 9002.00 min: 30636.00
In summary, MADV_FREE is about much faster than MADV_DONTNEED.
This patch (of 12):
Add core MADV_FREE implementation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small cleanups]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Mika Penttil <mika.penttila@nextfour.com>
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jason Evans <je@fb.com>
Cc: Daniel Micay <danielmicay@gmail.com>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: <yalin.wang2010@gmail.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <jejb@parisc-linux.org>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: "Shaohua Li" <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Matt Turner <mattst88@gmail.com>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: Roland Dreier <roland@kernel.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
page_referenced_one() and page_idle_clear_pte_refs_one() duplicate the
code for looking up pte of a (possibly transhuge) page. Move this code
to a new helper function, page_check_address_transhuge(), and make the
above mentioned functions use it.
This is just a cleanup, no functional changes are intended.
Signed-off-by: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov@virtuozzo.com>
Reviewed-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We're going to allow mapping of individual 4k pages of THP compound. It
means we need to track mapcount on per small page basis.
Straight-forward approach is to use ->_mapcount in all subpages to track
how many time this subpage is mapped with PMDs or PTEs combined. But
this is rather expensive: mapping or unmapping of a THP page with PMD
would require HPAGE_PMD_NR atomic operations instead of single we have
now.
The idea is to store separately how many times the page was mapped as
whole -- compound_mapcount. This frees up ->_mapcount in subpages to
track PTE mapcount.
We use the same approach as with compound page destructor and compound
order to store compound_mapcount: use space in first tail page,
->mapping this time.
Any time we map/unmap whole compound page (THP or hugetlb) -- we
increment/decrement compound_mapcount. When we map part of compound
page with PTE we operate on ->_mapcount of the subpage.
page_mapcount() counts both: PTE and PMD mappings of the page.
Basically, we have mapcount for a subpage spread over two counters. It
makes tricky to detect when last mapcount for a page goes away.
We introduced PageDoubleMap() for this. When we split THP PMD for the
first time and there's other PMD mapping left we offset up ->_mapcount
in all subpages by one and set PG_double_map on the compound page.
These additional references go away with last compound_mapcount.
This approach provides a way to detect when last mapcount goes away on
per small page basis without introducing new overhead for most common
cases.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo in comment]
[mhocko@suse.com: ignore partial THP when moving task]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We're going to allow mapping of individual 4k pages of THP compound
page. It means we cannot rely on PageTransHuge() check to decide if
map/unmap small page or THP.
The patch adds new argument to rmap functions to indicate whether we
want to operate on whole compound page or only the small page.
[n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com: fix mapcount mismatch in hugepage migration]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Tested-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Steve Capper <steve.capper@linaro.org>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
An IPI is sent to flush remote TLBs when a page is unmapped that was
potentially accesssed by other CPUs. There are many circumstances where
this happens but the obvious one is kswapd reclaiming pages belonging to a
running process as kswapd and the task are likely running on separate
CPUs.
On small machines, this is not a significant problem but as machine gets
larger with more cores and more memory, the cost of these IPIs can be
high. This patch uses a simple structure that tracks CPUs that
potentially have TLB entries for pages being unmapped. When the unmapping
is complete, the full TLB is flushed on the assumption that a refill cost
is lower than flushing individual entries.
Architectures wishing to do this must give the following guarantee.
If a clean page is unmapped and not immediately flushed, the
architecture must guarantee that a write to that linear address
from a CPU with a cached TLB entry will trap a page fault.
This is essentially what the kernel already depends on but the window is
much larger with this patch applied and is worth highlighting. The
architecture should consider whether the cost of the full TLB flush is
higher than sending an IPI to flush each individual entry. An additional
architecture helper called flush_tlb_local is required. It's a trivial
wrapper with some accounting in the x86 case.
The impact of this patch depends on the workload as measuring any benefit
requires both mapped pages co-located on the LRU and memory pressure. The
case with the biggest impact is multiple processes reading mapped pages
taken from the vm-scalability test suite. The test case uses NR_CPU
readers of mapped files that consume 10*RAM.
Linear mapped reader on a 4-node machine with 64G RAM and 48 CPUs
4.2.0-rc1 4.2.0-rc1
vanilla flushfull-v7
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-elapsed 159.62 ( 0.00%) 120.68 ( 24.40%)
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-time_range 30.59 ( 0.00%) 2.80 ( 90.85%)
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-time_stddv 6.70 ( 0.00%) 0.64 ( 90.38%)
4.2.0-rc1 4.2.0-rc1
vanilla flushfull-v7
User 581.00 611.43
System 5804.93 4111.76
Elapsed 161.03 122.12
This is showing that the readers completed 24.40% faster with 29% less
system CPU time. From vmstats, it is known that the vanilla kernel was
interrupted roughly 900K times per second during the steady phase of the
test and the patched kernel was interrupts 180K times per second.
The impact is lower on a single socket machine.
4.2.0-rc1 4.2.0-rc1
vanilla flushfull-v7
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-elapsed 25.33 ( 0.00%) 20.38 ( 19.54%)
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-time_range 0.91 ( 0.00%) 1.44 (-58.24%)
Ops lru-file-mmap-read-time_stddv 0.28 ( 0.00%) 0.47 (-65.34%)
4.2.0-rc1 4.2.0-rc1
vanilla flushfull-v7
User 58.09 57.64
System 111.82 76.56
Elapsed 27.29 22.55
It's still a noticeable improvement with vmstat showing interrupts went
from roughly 500K per second to 45K per second.
The patch will have no impact on workloads with no memory pressure or have
relatively few mapped pages. It will have an unpredictable impact on the
workload running on the CPU being flushed as it'll depend on how many TLB
entries need to be refilled and how long that takes. Worst case, the TLB
will be completely cleared of active entries when the target PFNs were not
resident at all.
[sasha.levin@oracle.com: trace tlb flush after disabling preemption in try_to_unmap_flush]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com>
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Most-used page->mapping helper -- page_mapping() -- has already uninlined.
Let's uninline also page_rmapping() and page_anon_vma(). It saves us
depending on configuration around 400 bytes in text:
text data bss dec hex filename
660318 99254 410000 1169572 11d8a4 mm/built-in.o-before
659854 99254 410000 1169108 11d6d4 mm/built-in.o
I also tried to make code a bit more clean.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
All callers of get_xip_mem() are now gone. Remove checks for it,
initialisers of it, documentation of it and the only implementation of it.
Also remove mm/filemap_xip.c as it is now empty. Also remove
documentation of the long-gone get_xip_page().
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <andreas.dilger@intel.com>
Cc: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Cc: Ross Zwisler <ross.zwisler@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We don't create non-linear mappings anymore. Let's drop code which
handles them in rmap.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Constantly forking task causes unlimited grow of anon_vma chain. Each
next child allocates new level of anon_vmas and links vma to all
previous levels because pages might be inherited from any level.
This patch adds heuristic which decides to reuse existing anon_vma
instead of forking new one. It adds counter anon_vma->degree which
counts linked vmas and directly descending anon_vmas and reuses anon_vma
if counter is lower than two. As a result each anon_vma has either vma
or at least two descending anon_vmas. In such trees half of nodes are
leafs with alive vmas, thus count of anon_vmas is no more than two times
bigger than count of vmas.
This heuristic reuses anon_vmas as few as possible because each reuse
adds false aliasing among vmas and rmap walker ought to scan more ptes
when it searches where page is might be mapped.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20120816024610.GA5350@evergreen.ssec.wisc.edu
Fixes: 5beb493052 ("mm: change anon_vma linking to fix multi-process server scalability issue")
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo, per Rik]
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Daniel Forrest <dan.forrest@ssec.wisc.edu>
Tested-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Tested-by: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [2.6.34+]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Trivially convert a few VM_BUG_ON calls to VM_BUG_ON_VMA to extract
more information when they trigger.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Transform action part of ttu_flags into individiual bits. These flags
aren't part of any uses-space visible api or even trace events.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
KSM was converted to use rmap_walk() and now nobody uses these functions
outside mm/rmap.c.
Let's covert them back to static.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add remove_linear_migration_ptes_from_nonlinear(), to fix an interesting
little include/linux/swapops.h:131 BUG_ON(!PageLocked) found by trinity:
indicating that remove_migration_ptes() failed to find one of the
migration entries that was temporarily inserted.
The problem comes from remap_file_pages()'s switch from vma_interval_tree
(good for inserting the migration entry) to i_mmap_nonlinear list (no good
for locating it again); but can only be a problem if the remap_file_pages()
range does not cover the whole of the vma (zap_pte() clears the range).
remove_migration_ptes() needs a file_nonlinear method to go down the
i_mmap_nonlinear list, applying linear location to look for migration
entries in those vmas too, just in case there was this race.
The file_nonlinear method does need rmap_walk_control.arg to do this;
but it never needed vma passed in - vma comes from its own iteration.
Reported-and-tested-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, we have an infrastructure in rmap_walk() to handle difference from
variants of rmap traversing functions.
So, just use it in page_referenced().
In this patch, I change following things.
1. remove some variants of rmap traversing functions.
cf> page_referenced_ksm, page_referenced_anon,
page_referenced_file
2. introduce new struct page_referenced_arg and pass it to
page_referenced_one(), main function of rmap_walk, in order to count
reference, to store vm_flags and to check finish condition.
3. mechanical change to use rmap_walk() in page_referenced().
[liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com: fix BUG at rmap_walk]
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Now, we have an infrastructure in rmap_walk() to handle difference from
variants of rmap traversing functions.
So, just use it in try_to_unmap().
In this patch, I change following things.
1. enable rmap_walk() if !CONFIG_MIGRATION.
2. mechanical change to use rmap_walk() in try_to_unmap().
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are a lot of common parts in traversing functions, but there are
also a little of uncommon parts in it. By assigning proper function
pointer on each rmap_walker_control, we can handle these difference
correctly.
Following are differences we should handle.
1. difference of lock function in anon mapping case
2. nonlinear handling in file mapping case
3. prechecked condition:
checking memcg in page_referenced(),
checking VM_SHARE in page_mkclean()
checking temporary vma in try_to_unmap()
4. exit condition:
checking page_mapped() in try_to_unmap()
So, in this patch, I introduce 4 function pointers to handle above
differences.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In each rmap traverse case, there is some difference so that we need
function pointers and arguments to them in order to handle these
For this purpose, struct rmap_walk_control is introduced in this patch,
and will be extended in following patch. Introducing and extending are
separate, because it clarify changes.
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Reviewed-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Hillf Danton <dhillf@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The comment in commit 4fc3f1d66b ("mm/rmap, migration: Make
rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable") says:
| Rename anon_vma_[un]lock() => anon_vma_[un]lock_write(),
| to make it clearer that it's an exclusive write-lock in
| that case - suggested by Rik van Riel.
But that commit renames only anon_vma_lock()
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() appears to be too
careful about locking the anon vma: while it needs protection
against anon vma list modifications, it does not need exclusive
access to the list itself.
Transforming this exclusive lock to a read-locked rwsem removes
a global lock from the hot path of page-migration intense
threaded workloads which can cause pathological performance like
this:
96.43% process 0 [kernel.kallsyms] [k] perf_trace_sched_switch
|
--- perf_trace_sched_switch
__schedule
schedule
schedule_preempt_disabled
__mutex_lock_common.isra.6
__mutex_lock_slowpath
mutex_lock
|
|--50.61%-- rmap_walk
| move_to_new_page
| migrate_pages
| migrate_misplaced_page
| __do_numa_page.isra.69
| handle_pte_fault
| handle_mm_fault
| __do_page_fault
| do_page_fault
| page_fault
| __memset_sse2
| |
| --100.00%-- worker_thread
| |
| --100.00%-- start_thread
|
--49.39%-- page_lock_anon_vma
try_to_unmap_anon
try_to_unmap
migrate_pages
migrate_misplaced_page
__do_numa_page.isra.69
handle_pte_fault
handle_mm_fault
__do_page_fault
do_page_fault
page_fault
__memset_sse2
|
--100.00%-- worker_thread
start_thread
With this change applied the profile is now nicely flat
and there's no anon-vma related scheduling/blocking.
Rename anon_vma_[un]lock() => anon_vma_[un]lock_write(),
to make it clearer that it's an exclusive write-lock in
that case - suggested by Rik van Riel.
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem, which will help
in solving a page-migration scalability problem. (Addressed in
a separate patch.)
The conversion is simple and straightforward: in every case
where we mutex_lock()ed we'll now down_write().
Suggested-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Paul Turner <pjt@google.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Drop clean cache pages instead of migration during alloc_contig_range() to
minimise allocation latency by reducing the amount of migration that is
necessary. It's useful for CMA because latency of migration is more
important than evicting the background process's working set. In
addition, as pages are reclaimed then fewer free pages for migration
targets are required so it avoids memory reclaiming to get free pages,
which is a contributory factor to increased latency.
I measured elapsed time of __alloc_contig_migrate_range() which migrates
10M in 40M movable zone in QEMU machine.
Before - 146ms, After - 7ms
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix nommu build]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a CONFIG_DEBUG_VM_RB build option for the previously existing
DEBUG_MM_RB code. Now that Andi Kleen modified it to avoid using
recursive algorithms, we can expose it a bit more.
Also extend this code to validate_mm() after stack expansion, and to check
that the vma's start and last pgoffs have not changed since the nodes were
inserted on the anon vma interval tree (as it is important that the nodes
be reindexed after each such update).
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Daniel Santos <daniel.santos@pobox.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When a large VMA (anon or private file mapping) is first touched, which
will populate its anon_vma field, and then split into many regions through
the use of mprotect(), the original anon_vma ends up linking all of the
vmas on a linked list. This can cause rmap to become inefficient, as we
have to walk potentially thousands of irrelevent vmas before finding the
one a given anon page might fall into.
By replacing the same_anon_vma linked list with an interval tree (where
each avc's interval is determined by its vma's start and last pgoffs), we
can make rmap efficient for this use case again.
While the change is large, all of its pieces are fairly simple.
Most places that were walking the same_anon_vma list were looking for a
known pgoff, so they can just use the anon_vma_interval_tree_foreach()
interval tree iterator instead. The exception here is ksm, where the
page's index is not known. It would probably be possible to rework ksm so
that the index would be known, but for now I have decided to keep things
simple and just walk the entirety of the interval tree there.
When updating vma's that already have an anon_vma assigned, we must take
care to re-index the corresponding avc's on their interval tree. This is
done through the use of anon_vma_interval_tree_pre_update_vma() and
anon_vma_interval_tree_post_update_vma(), which remove the avc's from
their interval tree before the update and re-insert them after the update.
The anon_vma stays locked during the update, so there is no chance that
rmap would miss the vmas that are being updated.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Daniel Santos <daniel.santos@pobox.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mremap() had a clever optimization where move_ptes() did not take the
anon_vma lock to avoid a race with anon rmap users such as page migration.
Instead, the avc's were ordered in such a way that the origin vma was
always visited by rmap before the destination. This ordering and the use
of page table locks rmap usage safe. However, we want to replace the use
of linked lists in anon rmap with an interval tree, and this will make it
harder to impose such ordering as the interval tree will always be sorted
by the avc->vma->vm_pgoff value. For now, let's replace the
anon_vma_moveto_tail() ordering function with proper anon_vma locking in
move_ptes(). Once we have the anon interval tree in place, we will
re-introduce an optimization to avoid taking these locks in the most
common cases.
Signed-off-by: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Daniel Santos <daniel.santos@pobox.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
When transparent_hugepage_enabled() is used outside mm/, such as in
arch/x86/xx/tlb.c:
+ if (!cpu_has_invlpg || vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGETLB
+ || transparent_hugepage_enabled(vma)) {
+ flush_tlb_mm(vma->vm_mm);
is_vma_temporary_stack() isn't referenced in huge_mm.h, so it has compile
errors:
arch/x86/mm/tlb.c: In function `flush_tlb_range':
arch/x86/mm/tlb.c:324:4: error: implicit declaration of function `is_vma_temporary_stack' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
Since is_vma_temporay_stack() is just used in rmap.c and huge_memory.c, it
is better to move it to huge_mm.h from rmap.h to avoid such errors.
Signed-off-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@intel.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This declaration is not used anymore, remove it.
Signed-off-by: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
migrate was doing an rmap_walk with speculative lock-less access on
pagetables. That could lead it to not serializing properly against mremap
PT locks. But a second problem remains in the order of vmas in the
same_anon_vma list used by the rmap_walk.
If vma_merge succeeds in copy_vma, the src vma could be placed after the
dst vma in the same_anon_vma list. That could still lead to migrate
missing some pte.
This patch adds an anon_vma_moveto_tail() function to force the dst vma at
the end of the list before mremap starts to solve the problem.
If the mremap is very large and there are a lots of parents or childs
sharing the anon_vma root lock, this should still scale better than taking
the anon_vma root lock around every pte copy practically for the whole
duration of mremap.
Update: Hugh noticed special care is needed in the error path where
move_page_tables goes in the reverse direction, a second
anon_vma_moveto_tail() call is needed in the error path.
This program exercises the anon_vma_moveto_tail:
===
int main()
{
static struct timeval oldstamp, newstamp;
long diffsec;
char *p, *p2, *p3, *p4;
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p2, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
if (posix_memalign((void **)&p3, 2*1024*1024, SIZE))
perror("memalign"), exit(1);
memset(p, 0xff, SIZE);
printf("%p\n", p);
memset(p2, 0xff, SIZE);
memset(p3, 0x77, 4096);
if (memcmp(p, p2, SIZE))
printf("error\n");
p4 = mremap(p+SIZE/2, SIZE/2, SIZE/2, MREMAP_FIXED|MREMAP_MAYMOVE, p3);
if (p4 != p3)
perror("mremap"), exit(1);
p4 = mremap(p4, SIZE/2, SIZE/2, MREMAP_FIXED|MREMAP_MAYMOVE, p+SIZE/2);
if (p4 != p+SIZE/2)
perror("mremap"), exit(1);
if (memcmp(p, p2, SIZE))
printf("error\n");
printf("ok\n");
return 0;
}
===
$ perf probe -a anon_vma_moveto_tail
Add new event:
probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail (on anon_vma_moveto_tail)
You can now use it on all perf tools, such as:
perf record -e probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail -aR sleep 1
$ perf record -e probe:anon_vma_moveto_tail -aR ./anon_vma_moveto_tail
0x7f2ca2800000
ok
[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.043 MB perf.data (~1860 samples) ]
$ perf report --stdio
100.00% anon_vma_moveto [kernel.kallsyms] [k] anon_vma_moveto_tail
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Nai Xia <nai.xia@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Pawel Sikora <pluto@agmk.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Straightforward conversion of anon_vma->lock to a mutex.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Its beyond ugly and gets in the way.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com>
Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch changes the anon_vma refcount to be 0 when the object is free.
It does this by adding 1 ref to being in use in the anon_vma structure
(iow. the anon_vma->head list is not empty).
This allows a simpler release scheme without having to check both the
refcount and the list as well as avoids taking a ref for each entry on the
list.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The normal code pattern used in the kernel is: get/put.
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Lately I've been working to make KVM use hugepages transparently without
the usual restrictions of hugetlbfs. Some of the restrictions I'd like to
see removed:
1) hugepages have to be swappable or the guest physical memory remains
locked in RAM and can't be paged out to swap
2) if a hugepage allocation fails, regular pages should be allocated
instead and mixed in the same vma without any failure and without
userland noticing
3) if some task quits and more hugepages become available in the
buddy, guest physical memory backed by regular pages should be
relocated on hugepages automatically in regions under
madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) (ideally event driven by waking up the
kernel deamon if the order=HPAGE_PMD_SHIFT-PAGE_SHIFT list becomes
not null)
4) avoidance of reservation and maximization of use of hugepages whenever
possible. Reservation (needed to avoid runtime fatal faliures) may be ok for
1 machine with 1 database with 1 database cache with 1 database cache size
known at boot time. It's definitely not feasible with a virtualization
hypervisor usage like RHEV-H that runs an unknown number of virtual machines
with an unknown size of each virtual machine with an unknown amount of
pagecache that could be potentially useful in the host for guest not using
O_DIRECT (aka cache=off).
hugepages in the virtualization hypervisor (and also in the guest!) are
much more important than in a regular host not using virtualization,
becasue with NPT/EPT they decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 24
to 19 in case only the hypervisor uses transparent hugepages, and they
decrease the tlb-miss cacheline accesses from 19 to 15 in case both the
linux hypervisor and the linux guest both uses this patch (though the
guest will limit the addition speedup to anonymous regions only for
now...). Even more important is that the tlb miss handler is much slower
on a NPT/EPT guest than for a regular shadow paging or no-virtualization
scenario. So maximizing the amount of virtual memory cached by the TLB
pays off significantly more with NPT/EPT than without (even if there would
be no significant speedup in the tlb-miss runtime).
The first (and more tedious) part of this work requires allowing the VM to
handle anonymous hugepages mixed with regular pages transparently on
regular anonymous vmas. This is what this patch tries to achieve in the
least intrusive possible way. We want hugepages and hugetlb to be used in
a way so that all applications can benefit without changes (as usual we
leverage the KVM virtualization design: by improving the Linux VM at
large, KVM gets the performance boost too).
The most important design choice is: always fallback to 4k allocation if
the hugepage allocation fails! This is the _very_ opposite of some large
pagecache patches that failed with -EIO back then if a 64k (or similar)
allocation failed...
Second important decision (to reduce the impact of the feature on the
existing pagetable handling code) is that at any time we can split an
hugepage into 512 regular pages and it has to be done with an operation
that can't fail. This way the reliability of the swapping isn't decreased
(no need to allocate memory when we are short on memory to swap) and it's
trivial to plug a split_huge_page* one-liner where needed without
polluting the VM. Over time we can teach mprotect, mremap and friends to
handle pmd_trans_huge natively without calling split_huge_page*. The fact
it can't fail isn't just for swap: if split_huge_page would return -ENOMEM
(instead of the current void) we'd need to rollback the mprotect from the
middle of it (ideally including undoing the split_vma) which would be a
big change and in the very wrong direction (it'd likely be simpler not to
call split_huge_page at all and to teach mprotect and friends to handle
hugepages instead of rolling them back from the middle). In short the
very value of split_huge_page is that it can't fail.
The collapsing and madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) part will remain separated and
incremental and it'll just be an "harmless" addition later if this initial
part is agreed upon. It also should be noted that locking-wise replacing
regular pages with hugepages is going to be very easy if compared to what
I'm doing below in split_huge_page, as it will only happen when
page_count(page) matches page_mapcount(page) if we can take the PG_lock
and mmap_sem in write mode. collapse_huge_page will be a "best effort"
that (unlike split_huge_page) can fail at the minimal sign of trouble and
we can try again later. collapse_huge_page will be similar to how KSM
works and the madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) will work similar to
madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE).
The default I like is that transparent hugepages are used at page fault
time. This can be changed with
/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/enabled. The control knob can be set
to three values "always", "madvise", "never" which mean respectively that
hugepages are always used, or only inside madvise(MADV_HUGEPAGE) regions,
or never used. /sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/defrag instead
controls if the hugepage allocation should defrag memory aggressively
"always", only inside "madvise" regions, or "never".
The pmd_trans_splitting/pmd_trans_huge locking is very solid. The
put_page (from get_user_page users that can't use mmu notifier like
O_DIRECT) that runs against a __split_huge_page_refcount instead was a
pain to serialize in a way that would result always in a coherent page
count for both tail and head. I think my locking solution with a
compound_lock taken only after the page_first is valid and is still a
PageHead should be safe but it surely needs review from SMP race point of
view. In short there is no current existing way to serialize the O_DIRECT
final put_page against split_huge_page_refcount so I had to invent a new
one (O_DIRECT loses knowledge on the mapping status by the time gup_fast
returns so...). And I didn't want to impact all gup/gup_fast users for
now, maybe if we change the gup interface substantially we can avoid this
locking, I admit I didn't think too much about it because changing the gup
unpinning interface would be invasive.
If we ignored O_DIRECT we could stick to the existing compound refcounting
code, by simply adding a get_user_pages_fast_flags(foll_flags) where KVM
(and any other mmu notifier user) would call it without FOLL_GET (and if
FOLL_GET isn't set we'd just BUG_ON if nobody registered itself in the
current task mmu notifier list yet). But O_DIRECT is fundamental for
decent performance of virtualized I/O on fast storage so we can't avoid it
to solve the race of put_page against split_huge_page_refcount to achieve
a complete hugepage feature for KVM.
Swap and oom works fine (well just like with regular pages ;). MMU
notifier is handled transparently too, with the exception of the young bit
on the pmd, that didn't have a range check but I think KVM will be fine
because the whole point of hugepages is that EPT/NPT will also use a huge
pmd when they notice gup returns pages with PageCompound set, so they
won't care of a range and there's just the pmd young bit to check in that
case.
NOTE: in some cases if the L2 cache is small, this may slowdown and waste
memory during COWs because 4M of memory are accessed in a single fault
instead of 8k (the payoff is that after COW the program can run faster).
So we might want to switch the copy_huge_page (and clear_huge_page too) to
not temporal stores. I also extensively researched ways to avoid this
cache trashing with a full prefault logic that would cow in 8k/16k/32k/64k
up to 1M (I can send those patches that fully implemented prefault) but I
concluded they're not worth it and they add an huge additional complexity
and they remove all tlb benefits until the full hugepage has been faulted
in, to save a little bit of memory and some cache during app startup, but
they still don't improve substantially the cache-trashing during startup
if the prefault happens in >4k chunks. One reason is that those 4k pte
entries copied are still mapped on a perfectly cache-colored hugepage, so
the trashing is the worst one can generate in those copies (cow of 4k page
copies aren't so well colored so they trashes less, but again this results
in software running faster after the page fault). Those prefault patches
allowed things like a pte where post-cow pages were local 4k regular anon
pages and the not-yet-cowed pte entries were pointing in the middle of
some hugepage mapped read-only. If it doesn't payoff substantially with
todays hardware it will payoff even less in the future with larger l2
caches, and the prefault logic would blot the VM a lot. If one is
emebdded transparent_hugepage can be disabled during boot with sysfs or
with the boot commandline parameter transparent_hugepage=0 (or
transparent_hugepage=2 to restrict hugepages inside madvise regions) that
will ensure not a single hugepage is allocated at boot time. It is simple
enough to just disable transparent hugepage globally and let transparent
hugepages be allocated selectively by applications in the MADV_HUGEPAGE
region (both at page fault time, and if enabled with the
collapse_huge_page too through the kernel daemon).
This patch supports only hugepages mapped in the pmd, archs that have
smaller hugepages will not fit in this patch alone. Also some archs like
power have certain tlb limits that prevents mixing different page size in
the same regions so they will not fit in this framework that requires
"graceful fallback" to basic PAGE_SIZE in case of physical memory
fragmentation. hugetlbfs remains a perfect fit for those because its
software limits happen to match the hardware limits. hugetlbfs also
remains a perfect fit for hugepage sizes like 1GByte that cannot be hoped
to be found not fragmented after a certain system uptime and that would be
very expensive to defragment with relocation, so requiring reservation.
hugetlbfs is the "reservation way", the point of transparent hugepages is
not to have any reservation at all and maximizing the use of cache and
hugepages at all times automatically.
Some performance result:
vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largep
ages3
memset page fault 1566023
memset tlb miss 453854
memset second tlb miss 453321
random access tlb miss 41635
random access second tlb miss 41658
vmx andrea # LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib64/libhugetlbfs.so HUGETLB_MORECORE=yes HUGETLB_PATH=/mnt/huge/ ./largepages3
memset page fault 1566471
memset tlb miss 453375
memset second tlb miss 453320
random access tlb miss 41636
random access second tlb miss 41637
vmx andrea # ./largepages3
memset page fault 1566642
memset tlb miss 453417
memset second tlb miss 453313
random access tlb miss 41630
random access second tlb miss 41647
vmx andrea # ./largepages3
memset page fault 1566872
memset tlb miss 453418
memset second tlb miss 453315
random access tlb miss 41618
random access second tlb miss 41659
vmx andrea # echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/transparent_hugepage
vmx andrea # ./largepages3
memset page fault 2182476
memset tlb miss 460305
memset second tlb miss 460179
random access tlb miss 44483
random access second tlb miss 44186
vmx andrea # ./largepages3
memset page fault 2182791
memset tlb miss 460742
memset second tlb miss 459962
random access tlb miss 43981
random access second tlb miss 43988
============
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#define SIZE (3UL*1024*1024*1024)
int main()
{
char *p = malloc(SIZE), *p2;
struct timeval before, after;
gettimeofday(&before, NULL);
memset(p, 0, SIZE);
gettimeofday(&after, NULL);
printf("memset page fault %Lu\n",
(after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL +
after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec);
gettimeofday(&before, NULL);
memset(p, 0, SIZE);
gettimeofday(&after, NULL);
printf("memset tlb miss %Lu\n",
(after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL +
after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec);
gettimeofday(&before, NULL);
memset(p, 0, SIZE);
gettimeofday(&after, NULL);
printf("memset second tlb miss %Lu\n",
(after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL +
after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec);
gettimeofday(&before, NULL);
for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096)
*p2 = 0;
gettimeofday(&after, NULL);
printf("random access tlb miss %Lu\n",
(after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL +
after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec);
gettimeofday(&before, NULL);
for (p2 = p; p2 < p+SIZE; p2 += 4096)
*p2 = 0;
gettimeofday(&after, NULL);
printf("random access second tlb miss %Lu\n",
(after.tv_sec-before.tv_sec)*1000000UL +
after.tv_usec-before.tv_usec);
return 0;
}
============
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The page_check_address() conditionally grabs *@ptlp in case of returning
non-NULL. Rename and wrap it using __cond_lock() removes following
warnings from sparse:
mm/rmap.c:472:9: warning: context imbalance in 'page_mapped_in_vma' - unexpected unlock
mm/rmap.c:524:9: warning: context imbalance in 'page_referenced_one' - unexpected unlock
mm/rmap.c:706:9: warning: context imbalance in 'page_mkclean_one' - unexpected unlock
mm/rmap.c:1066:9: warning: context imbalance in 'try_to_unmap_one' - unexpected unlock
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The page_lock_anon_vma() conditionally grabs RCU and anon_vma lock but
page_unlock_anon_vma() releases them unconditionally. This leads sparse
to complain about context imbalance. Annotate them.
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Reorder structure anon_vma to remove alignment padding on 64 builds when
(CONFIG_KSM || CONFIG_MIGRATION).
This will shrink the size of the anon_vma structure from 40 to 32 bytes
& allow more objects per slab in its kmem_cache.
Under slub the objects in the anon_vma kmem_cache will then be 40 bytes
with 102 objects per slab. (On v2.6.36 without this patch,the size is 48
bytes and 85 objects/slab.)
Signed-off-by: Richard Kennedy <richard@rsk.demon.co.uk>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds reverse mapping feature for hugepage by introducing
mapcount for shared/private-mapped hugepage and anon_vma for
private-mapped hugepage.
While hugepage is not currently swappable, reverse mapping can be useful
for memory error handler.
Without this patch, memory error handler cannot identify processes
using the bad hugepage nor unmap it from them. That is:
- for shared hugepage:
we can collect processes using a hugepage through pagecache,
but can not unmap the hugepage because of the lack of mapcount.
- for privately mapped hugepage:
we can neither collect processes nor unmap the hugepage.
This patch solves these problems.
This patch include the bug fix given by commit 23be7468e8, so reverts it.
Dependency:
"hugetlb: move definition of is_vm_hugetlb_page() to hugepage_inline.h"
ChangeLog since May 24.
- create hugetlb_inline.h and move is_vm_hugetlb_index() in it.
- move functions setting up anon_vma for hugepage into mm/rmap.c.
ChangeLog since May 13.
- rebased to 2.6.34
- fix logic error (in case that private mapping and shared mapping coexist)
- move is_vm_hugetlb_page() into include/linux/mm.h to use this function
from linear_page_index()
- define and use linear_hugepage_index() instead of compound_order()
- use page_move_anon_rmap() in hugetlb_cow()
- copy exclusive switch of __set_page_anon_rmap() into hugepage counterpart.
- revert commit 24be7468 completely
Signed-off-by: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com>
On swapin it is fairly common for a page to be owned exclusively by one
process. In that case we want to add the page to the anon_vma of that
process's VMA, instead of to the root anon_vma.
This will reduce the amount of rmap searching that the swapout code needs
to do.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
KSM reference counts can cause an anon_vma to exist after the processe it
belongs to have already exited. Because the anon_vma lock now lives in
the root anon_vma, we need to ensure that the root anon_vma stays around
until after all the "child" anon_vmas have been freed.
The obvious way to do this is to have a "child" anon_vma take a reference
to the root in anon_vma_fork. When the anon_vma is freed at munmap or
process exit, we drop the refcount in anon_vma_unlink and possibly free
the root anon_vma.
The KSM anon_vma reference count function also needs to be modified to
deal with the possibility of freeing 2 levels of anon_vma. The easiest
way to do this is to break out the KSM magic and make it generic.
When compiling without CONFIG_KSM, this code is compiled out.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Tested-by: Dave Young <hidave.darkstar@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Always (and only) lock the root (oldest) anon_vma whenever we do something
in an anon_vma. The recently introduced anon_vma scalability is due to
the rmap code scanning only the VMAs that need to be scanned. Many common
operations still took the anon_vma lock on the root anon_vma, so always
taking that lock is not expected to introduce any scalability issues.
However, always taking the same lock does mean we only need to take one
lock, which means rmap_walk on pages from any anon_vma in the vma is
excluded from occurring during an munmap, expand_stack or other operation
that needs to exclude rmap_walk and similar functions.
Also add the proper locking to vma_adjust.
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Track the root (oldest) anon_vma in each anon_vma tree. Because we only
take the lock on the root anon_vma, we cannot use the lock on higher-up
anon_vmas to lock anything. This makes it impossible to do an indirect
lookup of the root anon_vma, since the data structures could go away from
under us.
However, a direct pointer is safe because the root anon_vma is always the
last one that gets freed on munmap or exit, by virtue of the same_vma list
order and unlink_anon_vmas walking the list forward.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix typo]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
