Example usage of generic "numa_mem_id()":
The mainline slab code, since ~ 2.6.19, does not handle memoryless nodes
well. Specifically, the "fast path"--____cache_alloc()--will never
succeed as slab doesn't cache offnode object on the per cpu queues, and
for memoryless nodes, all memory will be "off node" relative to
numa_node_id(). This adds significant overhead to all kmem cache
allocations, incurring a significant regression relative to earlier
kernels [from before slab.c was reorganized].
This patch uses the generic topology function "numa_mem_id()" to return
the "effective local memory node" for the calling context. This is the
first node in the local node's generic fallback zonelist-- the same node
that "local" mempolicy-based allocations would use. This lets slab cache
these "local" allocations and avoid fallback/refill on every allocation.
N.B.: Slab will need to handle node and memory hotplug events that could
change the value returned by numa_mem_id() for any given node if recent
changes to address memory hotplug don't already address this. E.g., flush
all per cpu slab queues before rebuilding the zonelists while the
"machine" is held in the stopped state.
Performance impact on "hackbench 400 process 200"
2.6.34-rc3-mmotm-100405-1609 no-patch this-patch
ia64 no memoryless nodes [avg of 10]: 11.713 11.637 ~0.65 diff
ia64 cpus all on memless nodes [10]: 228.259 26.484 ~8.6x speedup
The slowdown of the patched kernel from ~12 sec to ~28 seconds when
configured with memoryless nodes is the result of all cpus allocating from
a single node's mm pagepool. The cache lines of the single node are
distributed/interleaved over the memory of the real physical nodes, but
the zone lock, list heads, ... of the single node with memory still each
live in a single cache line that is accessed from all processors.
x86_64 [8x6 AMD] [avg of 40]: 2.883 2.845
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce numa_mem_id(), based on generic percpu variable infrastructure
to track "nearest node with memory" for archs that support memoryless
nodes.
Define API in <linux/topology.h> when CONFIG_HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
defined, else stubs. Architectures will define HAVE_MEMORYLESS_NODES
if/when they support them.
Archs can override definitions of:
numa_mem_id() - returns node number of "local memory" node
set_numa_mem() - initialize [this cpus'] per cpu variable 'numa_mem'
cpu_to_mem() - return numa_mem for specified cpu; may be used as lvalue
Generic initialization of 'numa_mem' occurs in __build_all_zonelists().
This will initialize the boot cpu at boot time, and all cpus on change of
numa_zonelist_order, or when node or memory hot-plug requires zonelist
rebuild. Archs that support memoryless nodes will need to initialize
'numa_mem' for secondary cpus as they're brought on-line.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Rework the generic version of the numa_node_id() function to use the new
generic percpu variable infrastructure.
Guard the new implementation with a new config option:
CONFIG_USE_PERCPU_NUMA_NODE_ID.
Archs which support this new implemention will default this option to 'y'
when NUMA is configured. This config option could be removed if/when all
archs switch over to the generic percpu implementation of numa_node_id().
Arch support involves:
1) converting any existing per cpu variable implementations to use
this implementation. x86_64 is an instance of such an arch.
2) archs that don't use a per cpu variable for numa_node_id() will
need to initialize the new per cpu variable "numa_node" as cpus
are brought on-line. ia64 is an example.
3) Defining USE_PERCPU_NUMA_NODE_ID in arch dependent Kconfig--e.g.,
when NUMA is configured. This is required because I have
retained the old implementation by default to allow archs to
be modified incrementally, as desired.
Subsequent patches will convert x86_64 and ia64 to use this implemenation.
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Eric Whitney <eric.whitney@hp.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: <linux-arch@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
By the previous modification, the cpu notifier can return encapsulate
errno value. This converts the cpu notifiers for slab.
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
We have observed several workloads running on multi-node systems where
memory is assigned unevenly across the nodes in the system. There are
numerous reasons for this but one is the round-robin rotor in
cpuset_mem_spread_node().
For example, a simple test that writes a multi-page file will allocate
pages on nodes 0 2 4 6 ... Odd nodes are skipped. (Sometimes it
allocates on odd nodes & skips even nodes).
An example is shown below. The program "lfile" writes a file consisting
of 10 pages. The program then mmaps the file & uses get_mempolicy(...,
MPOL_F_NODE) to determine the nodes where the file pages were allocated.
The output is shown below:
# ./lfile
allocated on nodes: 2 4 6 0 1 2 6 0 2
There is a single rotor that is used for allocating both file pages & slab
pages. Writing the file allocates both a data page & a slab page
(buffer_head). This advances the RR rotor 2 nodes for each page
allocated.
A quick confirmation seems to confirm this is the cause of the uneven
allocation:
# echo 0 >/dev/cpuset/memory_spread_slab
# ./lfile
allocated on nodes: 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
This patch introduces a second rotor that is used for slab allocations.
Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Jack Steiner <steiner@sgi.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Introduce struct mem_cgroup_thresholds. It helps to reduce number of
checks of thresholds type (memory or mem+swap).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: repair comment]
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Since we are unable to handle an error returned by
cftype.unregister_event() properly, let's make the callback
void-returning.
mem_cgroup_unregister_event() has been rewritten to be a "never fail"
function. On mem_cgroup_usage_register_event() we save old buffer for
thresholds array and reuse it in mem_cgroup_usage_unregister_event() to
avoid allocation.
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
FILE_MAPPED per memcg of migrated file cache is not properly updated,
because our hook in page_add_file_rmap() can't know to which memcg
FILE_MAPPED should be counted.
Basically, this patch is for fixing the bug but includes some big changes
to fix up other messes.
Now, at migrating mapped file, events happen in following sequence.
1. allocate a new page.
2. get memcg of an old page.
3. charge ageinst a new page before migration. But at this point,
no changes to new page's page_cgroup, no commit for the charge.
(IOW, PCG_USED bit is not set.)
4. page migration replaces radix-tree, old-page and new-page.
5. page migration remaps the new page if the old page was mapped.
6. Here, the new page is unlocked.
7. memcg commits the charge for newpage, Mark the new page's page_cgroup
as PCG_USED.
Because "commit" happens after page-remap, we can count FILE_MAPPED
at "5", because we should avoid to trust page_cgroup->mem_cgroup.
if PCG_USED bit is unset.
(Note: memcg's LRU removal code does that but LRU-isolation logic is used
for helping it. When we overwrite page_cgroup->mem_cgroup, page_cgroup is
not on LRU or page_cgroup->mem_cgroup is NULL.)
We can lose file_mapped accounting information at 5 because FILE_MAPPED
is updated only when mapcount changes 0->1. So we should catch it.
BTW, historically, above implemntation comes from migration-failure
of anonymous page. Because we charge both of old page and new page
with mapcount=0, we can't catch
- the page is really freed before remap.
- migration fails but it's freed before remap
or .....corner cases.
New migration sequence with memcg is:
1. allocate a new page.
2. mark PageCgroupMigration to the old page.
3. charge against a new page onto the old page's memcg. (here, new page's pc
is marked as PageCgroupUsed.)
4. page migration replaces radix-tree, page table, etc...
5. At remapping, new page's page_cgroup is now makrked as "USED"
We can catch 0->1 event and FILE_MAPPED will be properly updated.
And we can catch SWAPOUT event after unlock this and freeing this
page by unmap() can be caught.
7. Clear PageCgroupMigration of the old page.
So, FILE_MAPPED will be correctly updated.
Then, for what MIGRATION flag is ?
Without it, at migration failure, we may have to charge old page again
because it may be fully unmapped. "charge" means that we have to dive into
memory reclaim or something complated. So, it's better to avoid
charge it again. Before this patch, __commit_charge() was working for
both of the old/new page and fixed up all. But this technique has some
racy condtion around FILE_MAPPED and SWAPOUT etc...
Now, the kernel use MIGRATION flag and don't uncharge old page until
the end of migration.
I hope this change will make memcg's page migration much simpler. This
page migration has caused several troubles. Worth to add a flag for
simplification.
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Tested-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Reported-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: "Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill@shutemov.name>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Only an out of memory error will cause ret to be set.
Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The bottom 4 hunks are atomically changing memory to which there are no
aliases as it's freshly allocated, so there's no need to use atomic
operations.
The other hunks are just atomic_read and atomic_set, and do not involve
any read-modify-write. The use of atomic_{read,set} doesn't prevent a
read/write or write/write race, so if a race were possible (I'm not saying
one is), then it would still be there even with atomic_set.
See:
http://digitalvampire.org/blog/index.php/2007/05/13/atomic-cargo-cults/
Signed-off-by: Phil Carmody <ext-phil.2.carmody@nokia.com>
Acked-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
It's pointless to try to kill current if select_bad_process() did not find
an eligible task to kill in mem_cgroup_out_of_memory() since it's
guaranteed that current is a member of the memcg that is oom and it is, by
definition, unkillable.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds support for moving charge of file pages, which include
normal file, tmpfs file and swaps of tmpfs file. It's enabled by setting
bit 1 of <target cgroup>/memory.move_charge_at_immigrate.
Unlike the case of anonymous pages, file pages(and swaps) in the range
mmapped by the task will be moved even if the task hasn't done page fault,
i.e. they might not be the task's "RSS", but other task's "RSS" that maps
the same file. And mapcount of the page is ignored(the page can be moved
even if page_mapcount(page) > 1). So, conditions that the page/swap
should be met to be moved is that it must be in the range mmapped by the
target task and it must be charged to the old cgroup.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning]
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch cleans up move charge code by:
- define functions to handle pte for each types, and make
is_target_pte_for_mc() cleaner.
- instead of checking the MOVE_CHARGE_TYPE_ANON bit, define a function
that checks the bit.
Signed-off-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This adds a feature to disable oom-killer for memcg, if disabled, of
course, tasks under memcg will stop.
But now, we have oom-notifier for memcg. And the world around memcg is
not under out-of-memory. memcg's out-of-memory just shows memcg hits
limit. Then, administrator or management daemon can recover the situation
by
- kill some process
- enlarge limit, add more swap.
- migrate some tasks
- remove file cache on tmps (difficult ?)
Unlike oom-killer, you can take enough information before killing tasks.
(by gcore, or, ps etc.)
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Considering containers or other resource management softwares in userland,
event notification of OOM in memcg should be implemented. Now, memcg has
"threshold" notifier which uses eventfd, we can make use of it for oom
notification.
This patch adds oom notification eventfd callback for memcg. The usage is
very similar to threshold notifier, but control file is memory.oom_control
and no arguments other than eventfd is required.
% cgroup_event_notifier /cgroup/A/memory.oom_control dummy
(About cgroup_event_notifier, see Documentation/cgroup/)
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Davide Libenzi <davidel@xmailserver.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
memcg's oom waitqueue is a system-wide wait_queue (for handling
hierarchy.) So, it's better to add custom wake function and do filtering
in wake up path.
This patch adds a filtering feature for waking up oom-waiters. Hierarchy
is properly handled.
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
I/O errors can happen due to temporary failures, like multipath
errors or losing network contact with the iSCSI server. Because
of that, the VM will retry readpage on the page.
However, do_generic_file_read does not clear PG_error. This
causes the system to be unable to actually use the data in the
page cache page, even if the subsequent readpage completes
successfully!
The function filemap_fault has had a ClearPageError before
readpage forever. This patch simply adds the same to
do_generic_file_read.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Slightly rearrange the logic that determines capabilities and vm_flags.
Disable BDI_CAP_MAP_DIRECT in all cases if the device can't support the
protections. Allow private readonly mappings of readonly backing devices.
Signed-off-by: Bernd Schmidt <bernds_cb1@t-online.de>
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
Acked-by: David McCullough <davidm@snapgear.com>
Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org>
Acked-by: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org>
Acked-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The original code called mpol_put(new) while "new" was an ERR_PTR.
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add global mutex zonelists_mutex to fix the possible race:
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2
(1) zone->present_pages += online_pages;
(2) build_all_zonelists();
(3) alloc_page();
(4) free_page();
(5) build_all_zonelists();
(6) __build_all_zonelists();
(7) zone->pageset = alloc_percpu();
In step (3,4), zone->pageset still points to boot_pageset, so bad
things may happen if 2+ nodes are in this state. Even if only 1 node
is accessing the boot_pageset, (3) may still consume too much memory
to fail the memory allocations in step (7).
Besides, atomic operation ensures alloc_percpu() in step (7) will never fail
since there is a new fresh memory block added in step(6).
[haicheng.li@linux.intel.com: hold zonelists_mutex when build_all_zonelists]
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For each new populated zone of hotadded node, need to update its pagesets
with dynamically allocated per_cpu_pageset struct for all possible CPUs:
1) Detach zone->pageset from the shared boot_pageset
at end of __build_all_zonelists().
2) Use mutex to protect zone->pageset when it's still
shared in onlined_pages()
Otherwises, multiple zones of different nodes would share same boot strapping
boot_pageset for same CPU, which will finally cause below kernel panic:
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at mm/page_alloc.c:1239!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff811300c1>] __alloc_pages_nodemask+0x131/0x7b0
[<ffffffff81162e67>] alloc_pages_current+0x87/0xd0
[<ffffffff81128407>] __page_cache_alloc+0x67/0x70
[<ffffffff811325f0>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0x120/0x260
[<ffffffff81132751>] ra_submit+0x21/0x30
[<ffffffff811329c6>] ondemand_readahead+0x166/0x2c0
[<ffffffff81132ba0>] page_cache_async_readahead+0x80/0xa0
[<ffffffff8112a0e4>] generic_file_aio_read+0x364/0x670
[<ffffffff81266cfa>] nfs_file_read+0xca/0x130
[<ffffffff8117b20a>] do_sync_read+0xfa/0x140
[<ffffffff8117bf75>] vfs_read+0xb5/0x1a0
[<ffffffff8117c151>] sys_read+0x51/0x80
[<ffffffff8103c032>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
RIP [<ffffffff8112ff13>] get_page_from_freelist+0x883/0x900
RSP <ffff88000d1e78a8>
---[ end trace 4bda28328b9990db ]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: merge fix]
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
No behavior change here.
Move some of setup_per_cpu_pageset() code into a new function
setup_zone_pageset() that will be useful for memory hotplug.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Haicheng Li <haicheng.li@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Andi Kleen <andi.kleen@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
In f4112de6b6 ("mm: introduce
debug_kmap_atomic") I said that debug_kmap_atomic() needs
CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT.
It was wrong. (I thought irqs_disabled() is only available when the
architecture has CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT)
Remove the #ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT check to enable
kmap_atomic() debugging for the architectures which do not have
CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT.
Reported-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Enable users to online CPUs even if the CPUs belongs to a numa node which
doesn't have onlined local memory.
The zonlists(pg_data_t.node_zonelists[]) of a numa node are created either
in system boot/init period, or at the time of local memory online. For a
numa node without onlined local memory, its zonelists are not initialized
at present. As a result, any memory allocation operations executed by
CPUs within this node will fail. In fact, an out-of-memory error is
triggered when attempt to online CPUs before memory comes to online.
This patch tries to create zonelists for such numa nodes, so that the
memory allocation for this node can be fallback'ed to other nodes.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded export]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes]
Signed-off-by: minskey guo<chaohong.guo@intel.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Yasunori Goto <y-goto@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For now, we have global isolation vs. memory control group isolation, do
not allow the reclaim entry function to set an arbitrary page isolation
callback, we do not need that flexibility.
And since we already pass around the group descriptor for the memory
control group isolation case, just use it to decide which one of the two
isolator functions to use.
The decisions can be merged into nearby branches, so no extra cost there.
In fact, we save the indirect calls.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This scan control is abused to communicate a return value from
shrink_zones(). Write this idiomatically and remove the knob.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
If vmscan is under lumpy reclaim mode, it have to ignore referenced bit
for making contenious free pages. but current page_check_references()
doesn't.
Fix it.
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
get_scan_ratio() calculates percentage and if the percentage is < 1%, it
will round percentage down to 0% and cause we completely ignore scanning
anon/file pages to reclaim memory even the total anon/file pages are very
big.
To avoid underflow, we don't use percentage, instead we directly calculate
how many pages should be scaned. In this way, we should get several
scanned pages for < 1% percent.
This has some benefits:
1. increase our calculation precision
2. making our scan more smoothly. Without this, if percent[x] is
underflow, shrink_zone() doesn't scan any pages and suddenly it scans
all pages when priority is zero. With this, even priority isn't zero,
shrink_zone() gets chance to scan some pages.
Note, this patch doesn't really change logics, but just increase
precision. For system with a lot of memory, this might slightly changes
behavior. For example, in a sequential file read workload, without the
patch, we don't swap any anon pages. With it, if anon memory size is
bigger than 16G, we will see one anon page swapped. The 16G is calculated
as PAGE_SIZE * priority(4096) * (fp/ap). fp/ap is assumed to be 1024
which is common in this workload. So the impact sounds not a big deal.
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Use mm->task_size instead of TASK_SIZE to ensure that the entire user
address space is migrated. mm->task_size is independent of the calling
task context. TASK SIZE may be dependant on the address space size of the
calling process. Usage of TASK_SIZE can lead to partial address space
migration if the calling process was 32 bit and the migrating process was
64 bit.
Here is the test script used on 64 system with a 32 bit echo process:
mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -o cpuset
cd /cgroup
mkdir 0
echo 1 > 0/cpuset.cpus
echo 0 > 0/cpuset.mems
echo 1 > 0/cpuset.memory_migrate
mkdir 1
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.cpus
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.mems
echo 1 > 1/cpuset.memory_migrate
echo $$ > 0/tasks
64_bit_process &
pid=$!
echo $pid > 1/tasks # This does not migrate all process pages without
# this patch. If 64 bit echo is used or this patch is
# applied, then the full address space of $pid is
# migrated.
To check memory migration, I watched:
grep MemUsed /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo
Signed-off-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fragmentation index may indicate that a failure is due to external
fragmentation but after a compaction run completes, it is still possible
for an allocation to fail. There are two obvious reasons as to why
o Page migration cannot move all pages so fragmentation remains
o A suitable page may exist but watermarks are not met
In the event of compaction followed by an allocation failure, this patch
defers further compaction in the zone (1 << compact_defer_shift) times.
If the next compaction attempt also fails, compact_defer_shift is
increased up to a maximum of 6. If compaction succeeds, the defer
counters are reset again.
The zone that is deferred is the first zone in the zonelist - i.e. the
preferred zone. To defer compaction in the other zones, the information
would need to be stored in the zonelist or implemented similar to the
zonelist_cache. This would impact the fast-paths and is not justified at
this time.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kernel applies some heuristics when deciding if memory should be
compacted or reclaimed to satisfy a high-order allocation. One of these
is based on the fragmentation. If the index is below 500, memory will not
be compacted. This choice is arbitrary and not based on data. To help
optimise the system and set a sensible default for this value, this patch
adds a sysctl extfrag_threshold. The kernel will only compact memory if
the fragmentation index is above the extfrag_threshold.
[randy.dunlap@oracle.com: Fix build errors when proc fs is not configured]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Ordinarily when a high-order allocation fails, direct reclaim is entered
to free pages to satisfy the allocation. With this patch, it is
determined if an allocation failed due to external fragmentation instead
of low memory and if so, the calling process will compact until a suitable
page is freed. Compaction by moving pages in memory is considerably
cheaper than paging out to disk and works where there are locked pages or
no swap. If compaction fails to free a page of a suitable size, then
reclaim will still occur.
Direct compaction returns as soon as possible. As each block is
compacted, it is checked if a suitable page has been freed and if so, it
returns.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix build errors]
[aarcange@redhat.com: fix count_vm_event preempt in memory compaction direct reclaim]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a per-node sysfs file called compact. When the file is written to,
each zone in that node is compacted. The intention that this would be
used by something like a job scheduler in a batch system before a job
starts so that the job can allocate the maximum number of hugepages
without significant start-up cost.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Add a proc file /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory. When an arbitrary value is
written to the file, all zones are compacted. The expected user of such a
trigger is a job scheduler that prepares the system before the target
application runs.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch is the core of a mechanism which compacts memory in a zone by
relocating movable pages towards the end of the zone.
A single compaction run involves a migration scanner and a free scanner.
Both scanners operate on pageblock-sized areas in the zone. The migration
scanner starts at the bottom of the zone and searches for all movable
pages within each area, isolating them onto a private list called
migratelist. The free scanner starts at the top of the zone and searches
for suitable areas and consumes the free pages within making them
available for the migration scanner. The pages isolated for migration are
then migrated to the newly isolated free pages.
[aarcange@redhat.com: Fix unsafe optimisation]
[mel@csn.ul.ie: do not schedule work on other CPUs for compaction]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The fragmentation fragmentation index, is only meaningful if an allocation
would fail and indicates what the failure is due to. A value of -1 such
as in many of the examples above states that the allocation would succeed.
If it would fail, the value is between 0 and 1. A value tending towards
0 implies the allocation failed due to a lack of memory. A value tending
towards 1 implies it failed due to external fragmentation.
For the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zo basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/extfrag_index
Node 0, zone DMA -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.00
Node 0, zone Normal -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 -1.000 0.954
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The unusable free space index measures how much of the available free
memory cannot be used to satisfy an allocation of a given size and is a
value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the more of free memory is
unusable and by implication, the worse the external fragmentation is. For
the most part, the huge page size will be the size of interest but not
necessarily so it is exported on a per-order and per-zone basis via
/sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index.
> cat /sys/kernel/debug/extfrag/unusable_index
Node 0, zone DMA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.037 0.037 0.101 0.230
Node 0, zone Normal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.015 0.028 0.028 0.054
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Fix allnoconfig]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Page migration requires rmap to be able to find all ptes mapping a page
at all times, otherwise the migration entry can be instantiated, but it
is possible to leave one behind if the second rmap_walk fails to find
the page. If this page is later faulted, migration_entry_to_page() will
call BUG because the page is locked indicating the page was migrated by
the migration PTE not cleaned up. For example
kernel BUG at include/linux/swapops.h:105!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
...
Call Trace:
[<ffffffff810e951a>] handle_mm_fault+0x3f8/0x76a
[<ffffffff8130c7a2>] do_page_fault+0x44a/0x46e
[<ffffffff813099b5>] page_fault+0x25/0x30
[<ffffffff8114de33>] load_elf_binary+0x152a/0x192b
[<ffffffff8111329b>] search_binary_handler+0x173/0x313
[<ffffffff81114896>] do_execve+0x219/0x30a
[<ffffffff8100a5c6>] sys_execve+0x43/0x5e
[<ffffffff8100320a>] stub_execve+0x6a/0xc0
RIP [<ffffffff811094ff>] migration_entry_wait+0xc1/0x129
There is a race between shift_arg_pages and migration that triggers this
bug. A temporary stack is setup during exec and later moved. If
migration moves a page in the temporary stack and the VMA is then removed
before migration completes, the migration PTE may not be found leading to
a BUG when the stack is faulted.
This patch causes pages within the temporary stack during exec to be
skipped by migration. It does this by marking the VMA covering the
temporary stack with an otherwise impossible combination of VMA flags.
These flags are cleared when the temporary stack is moved to its final
location.
[kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com: idea for having migration skip temporary stacks]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_MIGRATION currently depends on CONFIG_NUMA or on the architecture
being able to hot-remove memory. The main users of page migration such as
sys_move_pages(), sys_migrate_pages() and cpuset process migration are
only beneficial on NUMA so it makes sense.
As memory compaction will operate within a zone and is useful on both NUMA
and non-NUMA systems, this patch allows CONFIG_MIGRATION to be set if the
user selects CONFIG_COMPACTION as an option.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: Depend on CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
PageAnon pages that are unmapped may or may not have an anon_vma so are
not currently migrated. However, a swap cache page can be migrated and
fits this description. This patch identifies page swap caches and allows
them to be migrated but ensures that no attempt to made to remap the pages
would would potentially try to access an already freed anon_vma.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
rmap_walk_anon() was triggering errors in memory compaction that look like
use-after-free errors. The problem is that between the page being
isolated from the LRU and rcu_read_lock() being taken, the mapcount of the
page dropped to 0 and the anon_vma gets freed. This can happen during
memory compaction if pages being migrated belong to a process that exits
before migration completes. Hence, the use-after-free race looks like
1. Page isolated for migration
2. Process exits
3. page_mapcount(page) drops to zero so anon_vma was no longer reliable
4. unmap_and_move() takes the rcu_lock but the anon_vma is already garbage
4. call try_to_unmap, looks up tha anon_vma and "locks" it but the lock
is garbage.
This patch checks the mapcount after the rcu lock is taken. If the
mapcount is zero, the anon_vma is assumed to be freed and no further
action is taken.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
For clarity of review, KSM and page migration have separate refcounts on
the anon_vma. While clear, this is a waste of memory. This patch gets
KSM and page migration to share their toys in a spirit of harmony.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patchset is a memory compaction mechanism that reduces external
fragmentation memory by moving GFP_MOVABLE pages to a fewer number of
pageblocks. The term "compaction" was chosen as there are is a number of
mechanisms that are not mutually exclusive that can be used to defragment
memory. For example, lumpy reclaim is a form of defragmentation as was
slub "defragmentation" (really a form of targeted reclaim). Hence, this
is called "compaction" to distinguish it from other forms of
defragmentation.
In this implementation, a full compaction run involves two scanners
operating within a zone - a migration and a free scanner. The migration
scanner starts at the beginning of a zone and finds all movable pages
within one pageblock_nr_pages-sized area and isolates them on a
migratepages list. The free scanner begins at the end of the zone and
searches on a per-area basis for enough free pages to migrate all the
pages on the migratepages list. As each area is respectively migrated or
exhausted of free pages, the scanners are advanced one area. A compaction
run completes within a zone when the two scanners meet.
This method is a bit primitive but is easy to understand and greater
sophistication would require maintenance of counters on a per-pageblock
basis. This would have a big impact on allocator fast-paths to improve
compaction which is a poor trade-off.
It also does not try relocate virtually contiguous pages to be physically
contiguous. However, assuming transparent hugepages were in use, a
hypothetical khugepaged might reuse compaction code to isolate free pages,
split them and relocate userspace pages for promotion.
Memory compaction can be triggered in one of three ways. It may be
triggered explicitly by writing any value to /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory
and compacting all of memory. It can be triggered on a per-node basis by
writing any value to /sys/devices/system/node/nodeN/compact where N is the
node ID to be compacted. When a process fails to allocate a high-order
page, it may compact memory in an attempt to satisfy the allocation
instead of entering direct reclaim. Explicit compaction does not finish
until the two scanners meet and direct compaction ends if a suitable page
becomes available that would meet watermarks.
The series is in 14 patches. The first three are not "core" to the series
but are important pre-requisites.
Patch 1 reference counts anon_vma for rmap_walk_anon(). Without this
patch, it's possible to use anon_vma after free if the caller is
not holding a VMA or mmap_sem for the pages in question. While
there should be no existing user that causes this problem,
it's a requirement for memory compaction to be stable. The patch
is at the start of the series for bisection reasons.
Patch 2 merges the KSM and migrate counts. It could be merged with patch 1
but would be slightly harder to review.
Patch 3 skips over unmapped anon pages during migration as there are no
guarantees about the anon_vma existing. There is a window between
when a page was isolated and migration started during which anon_vma
could disappear.
Patch 4 notes that PageSwapCache pages can still be migrated even if they
are unmapped.
Patch 5 allows CONFIG_MIGRATION to be set without CONFIG_NUMA
Patch 6 exports a "unusable free space index" via debugfs. It's
a measure of external fragmentation that takes the size of the
allocation request into account. It can also be calculated from
userspace so can be dropped if requested
Patch 7 exports a "fragmentation index" which only has meaning when an
allocation request fails. It determines if an allocation failure
would be due to a lack of memory or external fragmentation.
Patch 8 moves the definition for LRU isolation modes for use by compaction
Patch 9 is the compaction mechanism although it's unreachable at this point
Patch 10 adds a means of compacting all of memory with a proc trgger
Patch 11 adds a means of compacting a specific node with a sysfs trigger
Patch 12 adds "direct compaction" before "direct reclaim" if it is
determined there is a good chance of success.
Patch 13 adds a sysctl that allows tuning of the threshold at which the
kernel will compact or direct reclaim
Patch 14 temporarily disables compaction if an allocation failure occurs
after compaction.
Testing of compaction was in three stages. For the test, debugging,
preempt, the sleep watchdog and lockdep were all enabled but nothing nasty
popped out. min_free_kbytes was tuned as recommended by hugeadm to help
fragmentation avoidance and high-order allocations. It was tested on X86,
X86-64 and PPC64.
Ths first test represents one of the easiest cases that can be faced for
lumpy reclaim or memory compaction.
1. Machine freshly booted and configured for hugepage usage with
a) hugeadm --create-global-mounts
b) hugeadm --pool-pages-max DEFAULT:8G
c) hugeadm --set-recommended-min_free_kbytes
d) hugeadm --set-recommended-shmmax
The min_free_kbytes here is important. Anti-fragmentation works best
when pageblocks don't mix. hugeadm knows how to calculate a value that
will significantly reduce the worst of external-fragmentation-related
events as reported by the mm_page_alloc_extfrag tracepoint.
2. Load up memory
a) Start updatedb
b) Create in parallel a X files of pagesize*128 in size. Wait
until files are created. By parallel, I mean that 4096 instances
of dd were launched, one after the other using &. The crude
objective being to mix filesystem metadata allocations with
the buffer cache.
c) Delete every second file so that pageblocks are likely to
have holes
d) kill updatedb if it's still running
At this point, the system is quiet, memory is full but it's full with
clean filesystem metadata and clean buffer cache that is unmapped.
This is readily migrated or discarded so you'd expect lumpy reclaim
to have no significant advantage over compaction but this is at
the POC stage.
3. In increments, attempt to allocate 5% of memory as hugepages.
Measure how long it took, how successful it was, how many
direct reclaims took place and how how many compactions. Note
the compaction figures might not fully add up as compactions
can take place for orders other than the hugepage size
X86 vanilla compaction
Final page count 913 916 (attempted 1002)
pages reclaimed 68296 9791
X86-64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 901 902 (attempted 1002)
Total pages reclaimed: 112599 53234
PPC64 vanilla compaction
Final page count: 93 94 (attempted 110)
Total pages reclaimed: 103216 61838
There was not a dramatic improvement in success rates but it wouldn't be
expected in this case either. What was important is that fewer pages were
reclaimed in all cases reducing the amount of IO required to satisfy a
huge page allocation.
The second tests were all performance related - kernbench, netperf, iozone
and sysbench. None showed anything too remarkable.
The last test was a high-order allocation stress test. Many kernel
compiles are started to fill memory with a pressured mix of unmovable and
movable allocations. During this, an attempt is made to allocate 90% of
memory as huge pages - one at a time with small delays between attempts to
avoid flooding the IO queue.
vanilla compaction
Percentage of request allocated X86 98 99
Percentage of request allocated X86-64 95 98
Percentage of request allocated PPC64 55 70
This patch:
rmap_walk_anon() does not use page_lock_anon_vma() for looking up and
locking an anon_vma and it does not appear to have sufficient locking to
ensure the anon_vma does not disappear from under it.
This patch copies an approach used by KSM to take a reference on the
anon_vma while pages are being migrated. This should prevent rmap_walk()
running into nasty surprises later because anon_vma has been freed.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are two types of zonelist ordering methodologies:
- node order, preferring allocations on a node to stay local to and
- zone order, preferring allocations come from a higher zone to avoid
allocating in lowmem zones even though they may not be local.
The ordering technique used by the kernel is configurable on the command
line, but also has some logic to determine what the default should be.
This logic currently lacks knowledge of systems where a node may only have
lowmem. For such systems, it is necessary to use node order so that
GFP_KERNEL allocations may be satisfied by nodes consisting of only
lowmem.
If zone order is used, GFP_KERNEL allocations to such nodes are actually
allocated on a node with local affinity that includes ZONE_NORMAL.
This change defaults to node zonelist ordering if any node lacks
ZONE_NORMAL.
To force zone order, append 'numa_zonelist_order=zone' to the kernel
command line.
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Do page table walks with the well-known nested loops we use in several
other places already.
This avoids doing full page table walks after every pte range and also
allows to handle unmapped areas bigger than one pte range in one go.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Instead of passing a start address and a number of pages into the helper
functions, convert them to use a start and an end address.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <n-horiguchi@ah.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
