Impact: new tracer plugin
This patch adapts kmemtrace raw events tracing to the unified tracing API.
To enable and use this tracer, just do the following:
echo kmemtrace > /debugfs/tracing/current_tracer
cat /debugfs/tracing/trace
You will have the following output:
# tracer: kmemtrace
#
#
# ALLOC TYPE REQ GIVEN FLAGS POINTER NODE CALLER
# FREE | | | | | | | |
# |
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565527833 ptr 18446612134395152256
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565585597 ptr 18446612134405955584 bytes_req 4096 bytes_alloc 4096 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565585534 ptr 18446612134405955584
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565585597 ptr 18446612134405955584 bytes_req 4096 bytes_alloc 4096 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565636711 ptr 18446612134345164672 bytes_req 240 bytes_alloc 240 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565585534 ptr 18446612134405955584
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565585597 ptr 18446612134405955584 bytes_req 4096 bytes_alloc 4096 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565636711 ptr 18446612134345164912 bytes_req 240 bytes_alloc 240 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565585534 ptr 18446612134405955584
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565585597 ptr 18446612134405955584 bytes_req 4096 bytes_alloc 4096 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565636711 ptr 18446612134345165152 bytes_req 240 bytes_alloc 240 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071566144042 ptr 18446612134346191680 bytes_req 1304 bytes_alloc 1312 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565585534 ptr 18446612134405955584
type_id 0 call_site 18446744071565585597 ptr 18446612134405955584 bytes_req 4096 bytes_alloc 4096 gfp_flags 208 node -1
type_id 1 call_site 18446744071565585534 ptr 18446612134405955584
That was to stay backward compatible with the format output produced in
inux/tracepoint.h.
This is the default ouput, but note that I tried something else.
If you change an option:
echo kmem_minimalistic > /debugfs/trace_options
and then cat /debugfs/trace, you will have the following output:
# tracer: kmemtrace
#
#
# ALLOC TYPE REQ GIVEN FLAGS POINTER NODE CALLER
# FREE | | | | | | | |
# |
- C 0xffff88007c088780 file_free_rcu
+ K 4096 4096 000000d0 0xffff88007cad6000 -1 getname
- C 0xffff88007cad6000 putname
+ K 4096 4096 000000d0 0xffff88007cad6000 -1 getname
+ K 240 240 000000d0 0xffff8800790dc780 -1 d_alloc
- C 0xffff88007cad6000 putname
+ K 4096 4096 000000d0 0xffff88007cad6000 -1 getname
+ K 240 240 000000d0 0xffff8800790dc870 -1 d_alloc
- C 0xffff88007cad6000 putname
+ K 4096 4096 000000d0 0xffff88007cad6000 -1 getname
+ K 240 240 000000d0 0xffff8800790dc960 -1 d_alloc
+ K 1304 1312 000000d0 0xffff8800791d7340 -1 reiserfs_alloc_inode
- C 0xffff88007cad6000 putname
+ K 4096 4096 000000d0 0xffff88007cad6000 -1 getname
- C 0xffff88007cad6000 putname
+ K 992 1000 000000d0 0xffff880079045b58 -1 alloc_inode
+ K 768 1024 000080d0 0xffff88007c096400 -1 alloc_pipe_info
+ K 240 240 000000d0 0xffff8800790dca50 -1 d_alloc
+ K 272 320 000080d0 0xffff88007c088780 -1 get_empty_filp
+ K 272 320 000080d0 0xffff88007c088000 -1 get_empty_filp
Yeah I shall confess kmem_minimalistic should be: kmem_alternative.
Whatever, I find it more readable but this a personal opinion of course.
We can drop it if you want.
On the ALLOC/FREE column, + means an allocation and - a free.
On the type column, you have K = kmalloc, C = cache, P = page
I would like the flags to be GFP_* strings but that would not be easy to not
break the column with strings....
About the node...it seems to always be -1. I don't know why but that shouldn't
be difficult to find.
I moved linux/tracepoint.h to trace/tracepoint.h as well. I think that would
be more easy to find the tracer headers if they are all in their common
directory.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
kmemtrace provides tracing for slab allocator functions, such as kmalloc,
kfree, kmem_cache_alloc, kmem_cache_free etc.. Collected data is then fed
to the userspace application in order to analyse allocation hotspots,
internal fragmentation and so on, making it possible to see how well an
allocator performs, as well as debug and profile kernel code.
Signed-off-by: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Signed-off-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
* 'tracing-core-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (241 commits)
sched, trace: update trace_sched_wakeup()
tracing/ftrace: don't trace on early stage of a secondary cpu boot, v3
Revert "x86: disable X86_PTRACE_BTS"
ring-buffer: prevent false positive warning
ring-buffer: fix dangling commit race
ftrace: enable format arguments checking
x86, bts: memory accounting
x86, bts: add fork and exit handling
ftrace: introduce tracing_reset_online_cpus() helper
tracing: fix warnings in kernel/trace/trace_sched_switch.c
tracing: fix warning in kernel/trace/trace.c
tracing/ring-buffer: remove unused ring_buffer size
trace: fix task state printout
ftrace: add not to regex on filtering functions
trace: better use of stack_trace_enabled for boot up code
trace: add a way to enable or disable the stack tracer
x86: entry_64 - introduce FTRACE_ frame macro v2
tracing/ftrace: add the printk-msg-only option
tracing/ftrace: use preempt_enable_no_resched_notrace in ring_buffer_time_stamp()
x86, bts: correctly report invalid bts records
...
Fixed up trivial conflict in scripts/recordmcount.pl due to SH bits
being already partly merged by the SH merge.
Impact: fix initcall debug output on non-scalar ktime platforms (32-bit embedded)
The initcall_debug code access the tv64 member of ktime. This won't work
correctly for large deltas on platforms that don't use the scalar ktime
implementation.
Signed-off-by: Will Newton <will.newton@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Tim Bird <tim.bird@am.sony.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Inaugurate copy-on-write credentials management. This uses RCU to manage the
credentials pointer in the task_struct with respect to accesses by other tasks.
A process may only modify its own credentials, and so does not need locking to
access or modify its own credentials.
A mutex (cred_replace_mutex) is added to the task_struct to control the effect
of PTRACE_ATTACHED on credential calculations, particularly with respect to
execve().
With this patch, the contents of an active credentials struct may not be
changed directly; rather a new set of credentials must be prepared, modified
and committed using something like the following sequence of events:
struct cred *new = prepare_creds();
int ret = blah(new);
if (ret < 0) {
abort_creds(new);
return ret;
}
return commit_creds(new);
There are some exceptions to this rule: the keyrings pointed to by the active
credentials may be instantiated - keyrings violate the COW rule as managing
COW keyrings is tricky, given that it is possible for a task to directly alter
the keys in a keyring in use by another task.
To help enforce this, various pointers to sets of credentials, such as those in
the task_struct, are declared const. The purpose of this is compile-time
discouragement of altering credentials through those pointers. Once a set of
credentials has been made public through one of these pointers, it may not be
modified, except under special circumstances:
(1) Its reference count may incremented and decremented.
(2) The keyrings to which it points may be modified, but not replaced.
The only safe way to modify anything else is to create a replacement and commit
using the functions described in Documentation/credentials.txt (which will be
added by a later patch).
This patch and the preceding patches have been tested with the LTP SELinux
testsuite.
This patch makes several logical sets of alteration:
(1) execve().
This now prepares and commits credentials in various places in the
security code rather than altering the current creds directly.
(2) Temporary credential overrides.
do_coredump() and sys_faccessat() now prepare their own credentials and
temporarily override the ones currently on the acting thread, whilst
preventing interference from other threads by holding cred_replace_mutex
on the thread being dumped.
This will be replaced in a future patch by something that hands down the
credentials directly to the functions being called, rather than altering
the task's objective credentials.
(3) LSM interface.
A number of functions have been changed, added or removed:
(*) security_capset_check(), ->capset_check()
(*) security_capset_set(), ->capset_set()
Removed in favour of security_capset().
(*) security_capset(), ->capset()
New. This is passed a pointer to the new creds, a pointer to the old
creds and the proposed capability sets. It should fill in the new
creds or return an error. All pointers, barring the pointer to the
new creds, are now const.
(*) security_bprm_apply_creds(), ->bprm_apply_creds()
Changed; now returns a value, which will cause the process to be
killed if it's an error.
(*) security_task_alloc(), ->task_alloc_security()
Removed in favour of security_prepare_creds().
(*) security_cred_free(), ->cred_free()
New. Free security data attached to cred->security.
(*) security_prepare_creds(), ->cred_prepare()
New. Duplicate any security data attached to cred->security.
(*) security_commit_creds(), ->cred_commit()
New. Apply any security effects for the upcoming installation of new
security by commit_creds().
(*) security_task_post_setuid(), ->task_post_setuid()
Removed in favour of security_task_fix_setuid().
(*) security_task_fix_setuid(), ->task_fix_setuid()
Fix up the proposed new credentials for setuid(). This is used by
cap_set_fix_setuid() to implicitly adjust capabilities in line with
setuid() changes. Changes are made to the new credentials, rather
than the task itself as in security_task_post_setuid().
(*) security_task_reparent_to_init(), ->task_reparent_to_init()
Removed. Instead the task being reparented to init is referred
directly to init's credentials.
NOTE! This results in the loss of some state: SELinux's osid no
longer records the sid of the thread that forked it.
(*) security_key_alloc(), ->key_alloc()
(*) security_key_permission(), ->key_permission()
Changed. These now take cred pointers rather than task pointers to
refer to the security context.
(4) sys_capset().
This has been simplified and uses less locking. The LSM functions it
calls have been merged.
(5) reparent_to_kthreadd().
This gives the current thread the same credentials as init by simply using
commit_thread() to point that way.
(6) __sigqueue_alloc() and switch_uid()
__sigqueue_alloc() can't stop the target task from changing its creds
beneath it, so this function gets a reference to the currently applicable
user_struct which it then passes into the sigqueue struct it returns if
successful.
switch_uid() is now called from commit_creds(), and possibly should be
folded into that. commit_creds() should take care of protecting
__sigqueue_alloc().
(7) [sg]et[ug]id() and co and [sg]et_current_groups.
The set functions now all use prepare_creds(), commit_creds() and
abort_creds() to build and check a new set of credentials before applying
it.
security_task_set[ug]id() is called inside the prepared section. This
guarantees that nothing else will affect the creds until we've finished.
The calling of set_dumpable() has been moved into commit_creds().
Much of the functionality of set_user() has been moved into
commit_creds().
The get functions all simply access the data directly.
(8) security_task_prctl() and cap_task_prctl().
security_task_prctl() has been modified to return -ENOSYS if it doesn't
want to handle a function, or otherwise return the return value directly
rather than through an argument.
Additionally, cap_task_prctl() now prepares a new set of credentials, even
if it doesn't end up using it.
(9) Keyrings.
A number of changes have been made to the keyrings code:
(a) switch_uid_keyring(), copy_keys(), exit_keys() and suid_keys() have
all been dropped and built in to the credentials functions directly.
They may want separating out again later.
(b) key_alloc() and search_process_keyrings() now take a cred pointer
rather than a task pointer to specify the security context.
(c) copy_creds() gives a new thread within the same thread group a new
thread keyring if its parent had one, otherwise it discards the thread
keyring.
(d) The authorisation key now points directly to the credentials to extend
the search into rather pointing to the task that carries them.
(e) Installing thread, process or session keyrings causes a new set of
credentials to be created, even though it's not strictly necessary for
process or session keyrings (they're shared).
(10) Usermode helper.
The usermode helper code now carries a cred struct pointer in its
subprocess_info struct instead of a new session keyring pointer. This set
of credentials is derived from init_cred and installed on the new process
after it has been cloned.
call_usermodehelper_setup() allocates the new credentials and
call_usermodehelper_freeinfo() discards them if they haven't been used. A
special cred function (prepare_usermodeinfo_creds()) is provided
specifically for call_usermodehelper_setup() to call.
call_usermodehelper_setkeys() adjusts the credentials to sport the
supplied keyring as the new session keyring.
(11) SELinux.
SELinux has a number of changes, in addition to those to support the LSM
interface changes mentioned above:
(a) selinux_setprocattr() no longer does its check for whether the
current ptracer can access processes with the new SID inside the lock
that covers getting the ptracer's SID. Whilst this lock ensures that
the check is done with the ptracer pinned, the result is only valid
until the lock is released, so there's no point doing it inside the
lock.
(12) is_single_threaded().
This function has been extracted from selinux_setprocattr() and put into
a file of its own in the lib/ directory as join_session_keyring() now
wants to use it too.
The code in SELinux just checked to see whether a task shared mm_structs
with other tasks (CLONE_VM), but that isn't good enough. We really want
to know if they're part of the same thread group (CLONE_THREAD).
(13) nfsd.
The NFS server daemon now has to use the COW credentials to set the
credentials it is going to use. It really needs to pass the credentials
down to the functions it calls, but it can't do that until other patches
in this series have been applied.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Signed-off-by: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org>
Impact: Cleanups on the boot tracer and ftrace
This patch bring some cleanups about the boot tracer headers. The
functions and structures of this tracer have nothing related to ftrace
and should have so their own header file.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Impact: modify boot tracer
We used to disable the initcall tracing at a specified time (IE: end
of builtin initcalls). But we don't need it anymore. It will be
stopped when initcalls are finished.
However we want two things:
_Start this tracing only after pre-smp initcalls are finished.
_Since we are planning to trace sched_switches at the same time, we
want to enable them only during the initcall execution.
For this purpose, this patch introduce two functions to enable/disable
the sched_switch tracing during boot.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
This reverts commit a802dd0eb5 by moving
the call to init_workqueues() back where it belongs - after SMP has been
initialized.
It also moves stop_machine_init() - which needs workqueues - to a later
phase using a core_initcall() instead of early_initcall(). That should
satisfy all ordering requirements, and was apparently the reason why
init_workqueues() was moved to be too early.
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux-2.6-for-linus:
stop_machine: fix error code handling on multiple cpus
stop_machine: use workqueues instead of kernel threads
workqueue: introduce create_rt_workqueue
Call init_workqueues before pre smp initcalls.
Make panic= and panic_on_oops into core_params
Make initcall_debug a core_param
core_param() for genuinely core kernel parameters
param: Fix duplicate module prefixes
module: check kernel param length at compile time, not runtime
Remove stop_machine during module load v2
module: simplify load_module.
page_cgroup_init() is called from mem_cgroup_init(). But at this
point, we cannot call alloc_bootmem().
(and this caused panic at boot.)
This patch moves page_cgroup_init() to init/main.c.
Time table is following:
==
parse_args(). # we can trust mem_cgroup_subsys.disabled bit after this.
....
cgroup_init_early() # "early" init of cgroup.
....
setup_arch() # memmap is allocated.
...
page_cgroup_init();
mem_init(); # we cannot call alloc_bootmem after this.
....
cgroup_init() # mem_cgroup is initialized.
==
Before page_cgroup_init(), mem_map must be initialized. So,
I added page_cgroup_init() to init/main.c directly.
(*) maybe this is not very clean but
- cgroup_init_early() is too early
- in cgroup_init(), we have to use vmalloc instead of alloc_bootmem().
use of vmalloc area in x86-32 is important and we should avoid very large
vmalloc() in x86-32. So, we want to use alloc_bootmem() and added page_cgroup_init()
directly to init/main.c
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded/bad mem_cgroup_subsys declaration]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build]
Acked-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This allows to create workqueues from within the context of
a pre smp initcall (aka early_initcall).
Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
This is the one I really wanted: now it effects module loading, it
makes sense to be able to flip it after boot.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Acked-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Rewrite the vmap allocator to use rbtrees and lazy tlb flushing, and
provide a fast, scalable percpu frontend for small vmaps (requires a
slightly different API, though).
The biggest problem with vmap is actually vunmap. Presently this requires
a global kernel TLB flush, which on most architectures is a broadcast IPI
to all CPUs to flush the cache. This is all done under a global lock. As
the number of CPUs increases, so will the number of vunmaps a scaled
workload will want to perform, and so will the cost of a global TLB flush.
This gives terrible quadratic scalability characteristics.
Another problem is that the entire vmap subsystem works under a single
lock. It is a rwlock, but it is actually taken for write in all the fast
paths, and the read locking would likely never be run concurrently anyway,
so it's just pointless.
This is a rewrite of vmap subsystem to solve those problems. The existing
vmalloc API is implemented on top of the rewritten subsystem.
The TLB flushing problem is solved by using lazy TLB unmapping. vmap
addresses do not have to be flushed immediately when they are vunmapped,
because the kernel will not reuse them again (would be a use-after-free)
until they are reallocated. So the addresses aren't allocated again until
a subsequent TLB flush. A single TLB flush then can flush multiple
vunmaps from each CPU.
XEN and PAT and such do not like deferred TLB flushing because they can't
always handle multiple aliasing virtual addresses to a physical address.
They now call vm_unmap_aliases() in order to flush any deferred mappings.
That call is very expensive (well, actually not a lot more expensive than
a single vunmap under the old scheme), however it should be OK if not
called too often.
The virtual memory extent information is stored in an rbtree rather than a
linked list to improve the algorithmic scalability.
There is a per-CPU allocator for small vmaps, which amortizes or avoids
global locking.
To use the per-CPU interface, the vm_map_ram / vm_unmap_ram interfaces
must be used in place of vmap and vunmap. Vmalloc does not use these
interfaces at the moment, so it will not be quite so scalable (although it
will use lazy TLB flushing).
As a quick test of performance, I ran a test that loops in the kernel,
linearly mapping then touching then unmapping 4 pages. Different numbers
of tests were run in parallel on an 4 core, 2 socket opteron. Results are
in nanoseconds per map+touch+unmap.
threads vanilla vmap rewrite
1 14700 2900
2 33600 3000
4 49500 2800
8 70631 2900
So with a 8 cores, the rewritten version is already 25x faster.
In a slightly more realistic test (although with an older and less
scalable version of the patch), I ripped the not-very-good vunmap batching
code out of XFS, and implemented the large buffer mapping with vm_map_ram
and vm_unmap_ram... along with a couple of other tricks, I was able to
speed up a large directory workload by 20x on a 64 CPU system. I believe
vmap/vunmap is actually sped up a lot more than 20x on such a system, but
I'm running into other locks now. vmap is pretty well blown off the
profiles.
Before:
1352059 total 0.1401
798784 _write_lock 8320.6667 <- vmlist_lock
529313 default_idle 1181.5022
15242 smp_call_function 15.8771 <- vmap tlb flushing
2472 __get_vm_area_node 1.9312 <- vmap
1762 remove_vm_area 4.5885 <- vunmap
316 map_vm_area 0.2297 <- vmap
312 kfree 0.1950
300 _spin_lock 3.1250
252 sn_send_IPI_phys 0.4375 <- tlb flushing
238 vmap 0.8264 <- vmap
216 find_lock_page 0.5192
196 find_next_bit 0.3603
136 sn2_send_IPI 0.2024
130 pio_phys_write_mmr 2.0312
118 unmap_kernel_range 0.1229
After:
78406 total 0.0081
40053 default_idle 89.4040
33576 ia64_spinlock_contention 349.7500
1650 _spin_lock 17.1875
319 __reg_op 0.5538
281 _atomic_dec_and_lock 1.0977
153 mutex_unlock 1.5938
123 iget_locked 0.1671
117 xfs_dir_lookup 0.1662
117 dput 0.1406
114 xfs_iget_core 0.0268
92 xfs_da_hashname 0.1917
75 d_alloc 0.0670
68 vmap_page_range 0.0462 <- vmap
58 kmem_cache_alloc 0.0604
57 memset 0.0540
52 rb_next 0.1625
50 __copy_user 0.0208
49 bitmap_find_free_region 0.2188 <- vmap
46 ia64_sn_udelay 0.1106
45 find_inode_fast 0.1406
42 memcmp 0.2188
42 finish_task_switch 0.1094
42 __d_lookup 0.0410
40 radix_tree_lookup_slot 0.1250
37 _spin_unlock_irqrestore 0.3854
36 xfs_bmapi 0.0050
36 kmem_cache_free 0.0256
35 xfs_vn_getattr 0.0322
34 radix_tree_lookup 0.1062
33 __link_path_walk 0.0035
31 xfs_da_do_buf 0.0091
30 _xfs_buf_find 0.0204
28 find_get_page 0.0875
27 xfs_iread 0.0241
27 __strncpy_from_user 0.2812
26 _xfs_buf_initialize 0.0406
24 _xfs_buf_lookup_pages 0.0179
24 vunmap_page_range 0.0250 <- vunmap
23 find_lock_page 0.0799
22 vm_map_ram 0.0087 <- vmap
20 kfree 0.0125
19 put_page 0.0330
18 __kmalloc 0.0176
17 xfs_da_node_lookup_int 0.0086
17 _read_lock 0.0885
17 page_waitqueue 0.0664
vmap has gone from being the top 5 on the profiles and flushing the crap
out of all TLBs, to using less than 1% of kernel time.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups, section fix]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build on alpha]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Krzysztof Helt <krzysztof.h1@poczta.fm>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Change the time resolution for initcall_debug to microseconds, from
milliseconds. This is handy to determine which initcalls you want to work
on for faster booting.
One one of my test machines, over 90% of the initcalls are less than a
millisecond and (without this patch) these are all reported as 0 msecs.
Working on the 900 us ones is more important than the 4 us ones.
With 'quiet' on the kernel command line, this adds no significant overhead
to kernel boot time.
Signed-off-by: Tim Bird <tim.bird@am.sony.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
At this time, only built-in initcalls interest us.
We can't really produce a relevant graph if we include
the modules initcall too.
I had good results after this patch (see svg in attachment).
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
After some initcall traces, some initcall names may be inconsistent.
That's because these functions will disappear from the .init section
and also their name from the symbols table.
So we have to copy the name of the function in a buffer large enough
during the trace appending. It is not costly for the ring_buffer because
the number of initcall entries is commonly not really large.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Change the boot tracer printing to make it parsable for
the scripts/bootgraph.pl script.
We have now to output two lines for each initcall, according to the
printk in do_one_initcall() in init/main.c
We need now the call's time and the return's time.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Launch the boot tracing inside the initcall_debug area. Old printk
have not been removed to keep the old way of initcall tracing for
backward compatibility.
[ mingo@elte.hu: resolved conflicts ]
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
When optimizing the kernel boot time, it's very valuable to visualize
what is going on at which time. In addition, with the fastboot asynchronous
initcall level, it's very valuable to see which initcall gets run where
and when.
This patch adds a script to turn a dmesg into a SVG graph (that can be
shown with tools such as InkScape, Gimp or Firefox) and a small change
to the initcall code to print the PID of the thread calling the initcall
(so that the script can work out the parallelism).
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
This is the infrastructure to the converting the mcount call sites
recorded by the __mcount_loc section into nops on boot. It also allows
for using these sites to enable tracing as normal. When the __mcount_loc
section is used, the "ftraced" kernel thread is disabled.
This uses the current infrastructure to record the mcount call sites
as well as convert them to nops. The mcount function is kept as a stub
on boot up and not converted to the ftrace_record_ip function. We use the
ftrace_record_ip to only record from the table.
This patch does not handle modules. That comes with a later patch.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
When optimizing the kernel boot time, it's very valuable to visualize
what is going on at which time. In addition, with some of the initializing
going asynchronous soon, it's valuable to track/print which worker thread
is executing the initialization.
This patch adds a script to turn a dmesg into a SVG graph (that can be
shown with tools such as InkScape, Gimp or Firefox) and a small change
to the initcall code to print the PID of the thread calling the initcall
(so that the script can work out the parallelism).
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
.. small detail, but the silly e1000e initcall warning debugging caused
me to look at this code. Rather than gouge my eyes out with a spoon, I
just fixed it.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The kernel has this really nice facility where if you put "initcall_debug"
on the kernel commandline, it'll print which function it's going to
execute just before calling an initcall, and then after the call completes
it will
1) print if it had an error code
2) checks for a few simple bugs (like leaving irqs off)
and
3) print how long the init call took in milliseconds.
While trying to optimize the boot speed of my laptop, I have been loving
number 3 to figure out what to optimize... ... and then I wished that
the same thing was done for module loading.
This patch makes the module loader use this exact same functionality; it's
a logical extension in my view (since modules are just sort of late
binding initcalls anyway) and so far I've found it quite useful in finding
where things are too slow in my boot.
Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
commit fb6624ebd9 (initrd: Fix virtual/physical
mix-up in overwrite test) introduced the compiler warning below on mips,
as its virt_to_page() doesn't cast the passed address to unsigned long
internally, unlike on most other architectures:
init/main.c: In function `start_kernel':
init/main.c:633: warning: passing argument 1 of `virt_to_phys' makes pointer from integer without a cast
init/main.c:636: warning: passing argument 1 of `virt_to_phys' makes pointer from integer without a cast
For now, kill the warning by explicitly casting initrd_start to `void *', as
that's the type it should really be.
Reported-by: Atsushi Nemoto <anemo@mba.ocn.ne.jp>
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
A previous patch added the early_initcall(), to allow a cleaner hooking of
pre-SMP initcalls. Now we remove the older interface, converting all
existing users to the new one.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: warning fix]
[kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com: warning fix]
Signed-off-by: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: Tom Zanussi <tzanussi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Added early initcall (pre-SMP) support, using an identical interface to
that of regular initcalls. Functions called from do_pre_smp_initcalls()
could be converted to use this cleaner interface.
This is required by CPU hotplug, because early users have to register
notifiers before going SMP. One such CPU hotplug user is the relay
interface with buffer-only channels, which needs to register such a
notifier, to be usable in early code. This in turn is used by kmemtrace.
Signed-off-by: Eduard - Gabriel Munteanu <eduard.munteanu@linux360.ro>
Cc: Tom Zanussi <tzanussi@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch adds proper prototypes for pid{hash,map}_init() in
include/linux/pid_namespace.h
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
* 'sched/for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
sched: hrtick_enabled() should use cpu_active()
sched, x86: clean up hrtick implementation
sched: fix build error, provide partition_sched_domains() unconditionally
sched: fix warning in inc_rt_tasks() to not declare variable 'rq' if it's not needed
cpu hotplug: Make cpu_active_map synchronization dependency clear
cpu hotplug, sched: Introduce cpu_active_map and redo sched domain managment (take 2)
sched: rework of "prioritize non-migratable tasks over migratable ones"
sched: reduce stack size in isolated_cpu_setup()
Revert parts of "ftrace: do not trace scheduler functions"
Fixed up conflicts in include/asm-x86/thread_info.h (due to the
TIF_SINGLESTEP unification vs TIF_HRTICK_RESCHED removal) and
kernel/sched_fair.c (due to cpu_active_map vs for_each_cpu_mask_nr()
introduction).
On recent kernels, I get the following error when using an initrd:
| initrd overwritten (0x00b78000 < 0x07668000) - disabling it.
My Amiga 4000 has 12 MiB of RAM at physical address 0x07400000 (virtual
0x00000000).
The initrd is located at the end of RAM: 0x00b78000 - 0x00c00000 (virtual).
The overwrite test compares the (virtual) initrd location to the (physical)
first available memory location, which fails.
This patch converts initrd_start to a page frame number, so it can safely be
compared with min_low_pfn.
Before the introduction of discontiguous memory support on m68k
(12d810c1b8), min_low_pfn was just left
untouched by the m68k-specific code (zero, I guess), and everything worked
fine.
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This is based on Linus' idea of creating cpu_active_map that prevents
scheduler load balancer from migrating tasks to the cpu that is going
down.
It allows us to simplify domain management code and avoid unecessary
domain rebuilds during cpu hotplug event handling.
Please ignore the cpusets part for now. It needs some more work in order
to avoid crazy lock nesting. Although I did simplfy and unify domain
reinitialization logic. We now simply call partition_sched_domains() in
all the cases. This means that we're using exact same code paths as in
cpusets case and hence the test below cover cpusets too.
Cpuset changes to make rebuild_sched_domains() callable from various
contexts are in the separate patch (right next after this one).
This not only boots but also easily handles
while true; do make clean; make -j 8; done
and
while true; do on-off-cpu 1; done
at the same time.
(on-off-cpu 1 simple does echo 0/1 > /sys/.../cpu1/online thing).
Suprisingly the box (dual-core Core2) is quite usable. In fact I'm typing
this on right now in gnome-terminal and things are moving just fine.
Also this is running with most of the debug features enabled (lockdep,
mutex, etc) no BUG_ONs or lockdep complaints so far.
I believe I addressed all of the Dmitry's comments for original Linus'
version. I changed both fair and rt balancer to mask out non-active cpus.
And replaced cpu_is_offline() with !cpu_active() in the main scheduler
code where it made sense (to me).
Signed-off-by: Max Krasnyanskiy <maxk@qualcomm.com>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: Gregory Haskins <ghaskins@novell.com>
Cc: dmitry.adamushko@gmail.com
Cc: pj@sgi.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* 'generic-ipi-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (22 commits)
generic-ipi: more merge fallout
generic-ipi: merge fix
x86, visws: use mach-default/entry_arch.h
x86, visws: fix generic-ipi build
generic-ipi: fixlet
generic-ipi: fix s390 build bug
generic-ipi: fix linux-next tree build failure
fix: "smp_call_function: get rid of the unused nonatomic/retry argument"
fix: "smp_call_function: get rid of the unused nonatomic/retry argument"
fix "smp_call_function: get rid of the unused nonatomic/retry argument"
on_each_cpu(): kill unused 'retry' parameter
smp_call_function: get rid of the unused nonatomic/retry argument
sh: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
parisc: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
mips: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
m32r: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
arm: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
alpha: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
ia64: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
powerpc: convert to generic helpers for IPI function calls
...
Fix trivial conflicts due to rcu updates in kernel/rcupdate.c manually
This adds kernel/smp.c which contains helpers for IPI function calls. In
addition to supporting the existing smp_call_function() in a more efficient
manner, it also adds a more scalable variant called smp_call_function_single()
for calling a given function on a single CPU only.
The core of this is based on the x86-64 patch from Nick Piggin, lots of
changes since then. "Alan D. Brunelle" <Alan.Brunelle@hp.com> has
contributed lots of fixes and suggestions as well. Also thanks to
Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com> for reviewing RCU usage
and getting rid of the data allocation fallback deadlock.
Acked-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Reviewed-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Fourth cut of patch to provide the call_rcu_sched(). This is again to
synchronize_sched() as call_rcu() is to synchronize_rcu().
Should be fine for experimental and -rt use, but not ready for inclusion.
With some luck, I will be able to tell Andrew to come out of hiding on
the next round.
Passes multi-day rcutorture sessions with concurrent CPU hotplugging.
Fixes since the first version include a bug that could result in
indefinite blocking (spotted by Gautham Shenoy), better resiliency
against CPU-hotplug operations, and other minor fixes.
Fixes since the second version include reworking grace-period detection
to avoid deadlocks that could happen when running concurrently with
CPU hotplug, adding Mathieu's fix to avoid the softlockup messages,
as well as Mathieu's fix to allow use earlier in boot.
Fixes since the third version include a wrong-CPU bug spotted by
Andrew, getting rid of the obsolete synchronize_kernel API that somehow
snuck back in, merging spin_unlock() and local_irq_restore() in a
few places, commenting the code that checks for quiescent states based
on interrupting from user-mode execution or the idle loop, removing
some inline attributes, and some code-style changes.
Known/suspected shortcomings:
o I still do not entirely trust the sleep/wakeup logic. Next step
will be to use a private snapshot of the CPU online mask in
rcu_sched_grace_period() -- if the CPU wasn't there at the start
of the grace period, we don't need to hear from it. And the
bit about accounting for changes in online CPUs inside of
rcu_sched_grace_period() is ugly anyway.
o It might be good for rcu_sched_grace_period() to invoke
resched_cpu() when a given CPU wasn't responding quickly,
but resched_cpu() is declared static...
This patch also fixes a long-standing bug in the earlier preemptable-RCU
implementation of synchronize_rcu() that could result in loss of
concurrent external changes to a task's CPU affinity mask. I still cannot
remember who reported this...
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
This patch fixes a build bug on m68k - gcc decides to emit a call to the
strlen library function, which we don't implement.
More importantly - my previous patch "init: don't lose initcall return
values" (commit e662e1cfd4) had introduced
potential buffer overflow by wrong calculation of string accumulator
size.
Use strlcat() instead, fixing both bugs.
Many thanks Andreas Schwab and Geert Uytterhoeven for helping
to catch and fix the bug.
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@gmail.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
One function to just loop over the entries, one function to actually do
the call and the associated debugging code.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Everybody wants to pass it a function pointer, and in fact, that is what
you _must_ pass it for it to make sense (since it knows that ia64 and
ppc64 use descriptors for function pointers and fetches the actual
address from there).
So don't make the argument be a 'unsigned long' and force everybody to
add a cast.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There is an ability to lose an initcall return value if it happened with irq
disabled or imbalanced preemption (and if we debug initcall).
Signed-off-by: Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
this replaces the rq->clock stuff (and possibly cpu_clock()).
- architectures that have an 'imperfect' hardware clock can set
CONFIG_HAVE_UNSTABLE_SCHED_CLOCK
- the 'jiffie' window might be superfulous when we update tick_gtod
before the __update_sched_clock() call in sched_clock_tick()
- cpu_clock() might be implemented as:
sched_clock_cpu(smp_processor_id())
if the accuracy proves good enough - how far can TSC drift in a
single jiffie when considering the filtering and idle hooks?
[ mingo@elte.hu: various fixes and cleanups ]
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
We can see an ever repeating problem pattern with objects of any kind in the
kernel:
1) freeing of active objects
2) reinitialization of active objects
Both problems can be hard to debug because the crash happens at a point where
we have no chance to decode the root cause anymore. One problem spot are
kernel timers, where the detection of the problem often happens in interrupt
context and usually causes the machine to panic.
While working on a timer related bug report I had to hack specialized code
into the timer subsystem to get a reasonable hint for the root cause. This
debug hack was fine for temporary use, but far from a mergeable solution due
to the intrusiveness into the timer code.
The code further lacked the ability to detect and report the root cause
instantly and keep the system operational.
Keeping the system operational is important to get hold of the debug
information without special debugging aids like serial consoles and special
knowledge of the bug reporter.
The problems described above are not restricted to timers, but timers tend to
expose it usually in a full system crash. Other objects are less explosive,
but the symptoms caused by such mistakes can be even harder to debug.
Instead of creating specialized debugging code for the timer subsystem a
generic infrastructure is created which allows developers to verify their code
and provides an easy to enable debug facility for users in case of trouble.
The debugobjects core code keeps track of operations on static and dynamic
objects by inserting them into a hashed list and sanity checking them on
object operations and provides additional checks whenever kernel memory is
freed.
The tracked object operations are:
- initializing an object
- adding an object to a subsystem list
- deleting an object from a subsystem list
Each operation is sanity checked before the operation is executed and the
subsystem specific code can provide a fixup function which allows to prevent
the damage of the operation. When the sanity check triggers a warning message
and a stack trace is printed.
The list of operations can be extended if the need arises. For now it's
limited to the requirements of the first user (timers).
The core code enqueues the objects into hash buckets. The hash index is
generated from the address of the object to simplify the lookup for the check
on kfree/vfree. Each bucket has it's own spinlock to avoid contention on a
global lock.
The debug code can be compiled in without being active. The runtime overhead
is minimal and could be optimized by asm alternatives. A kernel command line
option enables the debugging code.
Thanks to Ingo Molnar for review, suggestions and cleanup patches.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Greg KH <greg@kroah.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com>
Cc: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
There are some places that are known to operate on tasks'
global pids only:
* the rest_init() call (called on boot)
* the kgdb's getthread
* the create_kthread() (since the kthread is run in init ns)
So use the find_task_by_pid_ns(..., &init_pid_ns) there
and schedule the find_task_by_pid for removal.
[sukadev@us.ibm.com: Fix warning in kernel/pid.c]
Signed-off-by: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Signed-off-by: Sukadev Bhattiprolu <sukadev@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
The global init has a lot of long standing problems with the unhandled fatal
signals.
- The "is_global_init(current)" check in get_signal_to_deliver()
protects only the main thread. Sub-thread can dequee the fatal
signal and shutdown the whole thread group except the main thread.
If it dequeues SIGSTOP /sbin/init will be stopped, this is not
right too. Note that we can't use is_global_init(->group_leader),
this breaks exec and this can't solve other problems we have.
- Even if afterwards ignored, the fatal signals sets SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT
on delivery. This breaks exec, has other bad implications, and this
is just wrong.
Introduce the new SIGNAL_UNKILLABLE flag to fix these problems. It also helps
to solve some other problems addressed by the subsequent patches.
Currently we use this flag for the global init only, but it could also be used
by kthreads and (perhaps) by the sub-namespace inits.
Signed-off-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Acked-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Avoid a possible kmem_cache_create() failure by creating idr_layer_cache
unconditionary at boot time rather than creating it on-demand when idr_init()
is called the first time.
This change also enables us to eliminate the check every time idr_init() is
called.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: rename init_id_cache() to idr_init_cache()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix alpha build]
Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Remove the mem_cgroup member from mm_struct and instead adds an owner.
This approach was suggested by Paul Menage. The advantage of this approach
is that, once the mm->owner is known, using the subsystem id, the cgroup
can be determined. It also allows several control groups that are
virtually grouped by mm_struct, to exist independent of the memory
controller i.e., without adding mem_cgroup's for each controller, to
mm_struct.
A new config option CONFIG_MM_OWNER is added and the memory resource
controller selects this config option.
This patch also adds cgroup callbacks to notify subsystems when mm->owner
changes. The mm_cgroup_changed callback is called with the task_lock() of
the new task held and is called just prior to changing the mm->owner.
I am indebted to Paul Menage for the several reviews of this patchset and
helping me make it lighter and simpler.
This patch was tested on a powerpc box, it was compiled with both the
MM_OWNER config turned on and off.
After the thread group leader exits, it's moved to init_css_state by
cgroup_exit(), thus all future charges from runnings threads would be
redirected to the init_css_set's subsystem.
Signed-off-by: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Pavel Emelianov <xemul@openvz.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Sudhir Kumar <skumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: YAMAMOTO Takashi <yamamoto@valinux.co.jp>
Cc: Hirokazu Takahashi <taka@valinux.co.jp>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>,
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi>
Reviewed-by: Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Cc: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@tv-sign.ru>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
print_fn_descriptor_symbol() prints the address if we don't have a symbol, so
no need to print both.
Also, combine printing return value with elapsed time. Changes this:
Calling initcall 0xc05b7a70: pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50()
initcall 0xc05b7a70: pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50() returned 1.
initcall 0xc05b7a70 ran for 0 msecs: pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50()
initcall at 0xc05b7a70: pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50(): returned with error code 1
to this:
calling pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50()
initcall pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50() returned 1 after 0 msecs
initcall pci_mmcfg_late_insert_resources+0x0/0x50() returned with error code 1
Signed-off-by: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
