CONFIG_VIRTUALIZATION may not be enabled for memory encrypted guests. If
disabled, decrypted per-CPU variables may end up sharing the same page
with variables that should be left encrypted.
Always separate per-CPU variables that should be decrypted into their own
page anytime memory encryption can be enabled in the guest rather than
rely on any other config option that may not be enabled.
Fixes: ac26963a11 ("percpu: Introduce DEFINE_PER_CPU_DECRYPTED")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.15+
Signed-off-by: Erdem Aktas <erdemaktas@google.com>
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Dennis Zhou <dennis@kernel.org>
Add SPDX license identifiers to all files which:
- Have no license information of any form
- Have EXPORT_.*_SYMBOL_GPL inside which was used in the
initial scan/conversion to ignore the file
These files fall under the project license, GPL v2 only. The resulting SPDX
license identifier is:
GPL-2.0-only
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
KVM guest defines three per-CPU variables (steal-time, apf_reason, and
kvm_pic_eoi) which are shared between a guest and a hypervisor.
When SEV is active, memory is encrypted with a guest-specific key, and if
the guest OS wants to share the memory region with the hypervisor then it
must clear the C-bit (i.e set decrypted) before sharing it.
DEFINE_PER_CPU_DECRYPTED can be used to define the per-CPU variables
which will be shared between a guest and a hypervisor.
Signed-off-by: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: linux-arch@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Tom Lendacky <thomas.lendacky@amd.com>
Cc: kvm@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171020143059.3291-16-brijesh.singh@amd.com
this_cpu_*() ops have been protected against both preemption and
interrupts for quite a while now. We apparently forgot to update the
comment. Fix it.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
No user is left in the kernel source tree. Therefore we can drop the
definitions.
This is the final merge of the transition away from __get_cpu_var. After
this patch the kernel will not build if anyone uses __get_cpu_var.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull percpu updates from Tejun Heo:
- Major reorganization of percpu header files which I think makes
things a lot more readable and logical than before.
- percpu-refcount is updated so that it requires explicit destruction
and can be reinitialized if necessary. This was pulled into the
block tree to replace the custom percpu refcnting implemented in
blk-mq.
- In the process, percpu and percpu-refcount got cleaned up a bit
* 'for-3.17' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (21 commits)
percpu-refcount: implement percpu_ref_reinit() and percpu_ref_is_zero()
percpu-refcount: require percpu_ref to be exited explicitly
percpu-refcount: use unsigned long for pcpu_count pointer
percpu-refcount: add helpers for ->percpu_count accesses
percpu-refcount: one bit is enough for REF_STATUS
percpu-refcount, aio: use percpu_ref_cancel_init() in ioctx_alloc()
workqueue: stronger test in process_one_work()
workqueue: clear POOL_DISASSOCIATED in rebind_workers()
percpu: Use ALIGN macro instead of hand coding alignment calculation
percpu: invoke __verify_pcpu_ptr() from the generic part of accessors and operations
percpu: preffity percpu header files
percpu: use raw_cpu_*() to define __this_cpu_*()
percpu: reorder macros in percpu header files
percpu: move {raw|this}_cpu_*() definitions to include/linux/percpu-defs.h
percpu: move generic {raw|this}_cpu_*_N() definitions to include/asm-generic/percpu.h
percpu: only allow sized arch overrides for {raw|this}_cpu_*() ops
percpu: reorganize include/linux/percpu-defs.h
percpu: move accessors from include/linux/percpu.h to percpu-defs.h
percpu: include/asm-generic/percpu.h should contain only arch-overridable parts
percpu: introduce arch_raw_cpu_ptr()
...
This fixes a typo that named the read_mostly section of percpu as
readmostly. It works fine with SMP because the linker script specifies
.data..percpu..readmostly. However, UP kernel builds don't have percpu
sections defined and the non-percpu version of the section is called
data..read_mostly, so .data..readmostly will float around and may break
things unexpectedly.
Looking at the original change that introduced data..percpu..readmostly
(commit c957ef2c59), it looks like this
was the original intention.
Tested: Built UP kernel and confirmed the sections got merged.
- Before the patch:
$ objdump -h vmlinux.o | grep '\.data\.\.read.*mostly'
38 .data..read_mostly 00004418 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00431ac0 2**6
50 .data..readmostly 00000014 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00444000 2**3
- After the patch:
$ objdump -h vmlinux.o | grep '\.data\.\.read.*mostly'
38 .data..read_mostly 00004438 0000000000000000 0000000000000000 00431ac0 2**6
Signed-off-by: Zhengyu He <hzy@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Filipe Brandenburger <filbranden@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
__verify_pcpu_ptr() is used to verify that a specified parameter is
actually an percpu pointer by percpu accessor and operation
implementations. Currently, where it's called isn't clearly defined
and we just ensure that it's invoked at least once for all accessors
and operations.
The lack of clarity on when it should be called isn't nice and given
that this is a completely generic issue, there's no reason to make
archs worry about it.
This patch updates __verify_pcpu_ptr() invocations such that it's
always invoked from the final generic wrapper once per access or
operation. As this is already the case for {raw|this}_cpu_*()
definitions through __pcpu_size_*(), only the {raw|per|this}_cpu_ptr()
accessors need to be updated.
This change makes it unnecessary for archs to worry about
__verify_pcpu_ptr(). x86's arch_raw_cpu_ptr() is updated accordingly.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
percpu macros are difficult to read. It's partly because they're
fairly complex but also because they simply lack visual and
conventional consistency to an unusual degree. The preceding patches
tried to organize macro definitions consistently by their roles. This
patch makes the following cosmetic changes to improve overall
readability.
* Use consistent convention for multi-line macro definitions - "do {"
or "({" are now put on their own lines and the line continuing '\'
are all put on the same column.
* Temp variables used inside macro are consistently given "__" prefix.
* When a macro argument is passed to another macro or a function,
putting extra parenthses around it doesn't help anything. Don't put
them.
* _this_cpu_generic_*() are renamed to this_cpu_generic_*() so that
they're consistent with raw_cpu_generic_*().
* Reorganize raw_cpu_*() and this_cpu_*() definitions so that trivial
wrappers are collected in one place after actual operation
definitions.
* Other misc cleanups including reorganizing comments.
All changes in this patch are cosmetic and cause no functional
difference.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
__this_cpu_*() operations are the same as raw_cpu_*() operations
except for the added __this_cpu_preempt_check(). Curiously, these
were defined using __pcu_size_call_*() instead of being layered on top
of raw_cpu_*().
Let's layer them so that __this_cpu_*() are defined in terms of
raw_cpu_*(). It's simpler and less error-prone this way.
This patch doesn't introduce any functional difference.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
* In include/asm-generic/percpu.h, collect {raw|_this}_cpu_generic*()
macros into one place. They were dispersed through
{raw|this}_cpu_*_N() definitions and the visiual inconsistency was
making following the code unnecessarily difficult.
* In include/linux/percpu-defs.h, move __verify_pcpu_ptr() later in
the file so that it's right above accessor definitions where it's
actually used.
This is pure reorganization.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
We're in the process of moving all percpu accessors and operations to
include/linux/percpu-defs.h so that they're available to arch headers
without having to include full include/linux/percpu.h which may cause
cyclic inclusion dependency.
This patch moves {raw|this}_cpu_*() definitions from
include/linux/percpu.h to include/linux/percpu-defs.h. The code is
moved mostly verbatim; however, raw_cpu_*() are placed above
this_cpu_*() which is more conventional as the raw operations may be
used to defined other variants.
This is pure reorganization.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Reorganize for better readability.
* Accessor definitions are collected into one place and SMP and UP now
define them in the same order.
* Definitions are layered when possible - e.g. per_cpu() is now
defined in terms of this_cpu_ptr().
* Rather pointless comment dropped.
* per_cpu(), __raw_get_cpu_var() and __get_cpu_var() are defined in a
way which can be shared between SMP and UP and moved out of
CONFIG_SMP blocks.
This patch doesn't introduce any functional difference.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
include/linux/percpu-defs.h is gonna host all accessors and operations
so that arch headers can make use of them too without worrying about
circular dependency through include/linux/percpu.h.
This patch moves the following accessors from include/linux/percpu.h
to include/linux/percpu-defs.h.
* get/put_cpu_var()
* get/put_cpu_ptr()
* per_cpu_ptr()
This is pure reorgniazation.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
The roles of the various percpu header files has become unclear.
There are four header files involved.
include/linux/percpu-defs.h
include/linux/percpu.h
include/asm-generic/percpu.h
arch/*/include/asm/percpu.h
The original intention for include/asm-generic/percpu.h is providing
generic definitions for arch-overridable parts; however, it now hosts
various stuff which can't be overridden by archs.
Also, include/linux/percpu-defs.h was initially added to contain
section and percpu variable definition macros so that arch header
files can make use of them without worrying about introducing cyclic
inclusion dependency by including include/linux/percpu.h; however,
arch headers sometimes need to access percpu variables too and this is
one of the reasons why some accessors were implemented in
include/linux/asm-generic/percpu.h.
Let's clear up the situation by making include/asm-generic/percpu.h
contain only arch-overridable parts and moving accessors and
operations into include/linux/percpu-defs. Note that this patch only
moves things from include/asm-generic/percpu.h.
include/linux/percpu.h will be taken care of by later patches.
This patch moves the followings.
* SHIFT_PERCPU_PTR() / VERIFY_PERCPU_PTR()
* per_cpu()
* raw_cpu_ptr()
* this_cpu_ptr()
* __get_cpu_var()
* __raw_get_cpu_var()
* __this_cpu_ptr()
* PER_CPU_[SHARED_]ALIGNED_SECTION
* PER_CPU_[SHARED_]ALIGNED_SECTION
* PER_CPU_FIRST_SECTION
This patch is pure reorganization.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
When CONFIG_DEBUG_FORCE_WEAK_PER_CPU or CONFIG_ARCH_NEEDS_WEAK_PER_CPU
is set, DEFINE_PER_CPU() explodes into cryptic series of definitions
to still allow using "static" for percpu variables while keeping all
per-cpu symbols unique in the kernel image which is required for weak
symbols. This ultimately converts the actual symbol to global whether
DEFINE_PER_CPU() is prefixed with static or not.
Unfortunately, the macro forgot to add explicit extern declartion of
the actual symbol ending up defining global symbol without preceding
declaration for static definitions which naturally don't have matching
DECLARE_PER_CPU(). The only ill effect is triggering of the following
warnings.
fs/inode.c:74:8: warning: symbol 'nr_inodes' was not declared. Should it be static?
fs/inode.c:75:8: warning: symbol 'nr_unused' was not declared. Should it be static?
Fix it by adding extern declaration in the DEFINE_PER_CPU() macro.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Wanlong Gao <gaowanlong@cn.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Wanlong Gao <gaowanlong@cn.fujitsu.com>
__verify_pcpu_ptr() will cause a compilation failure if the type of the
pointer is a pointer to a fixed array of objects. Adding zero to the
pointer converts the type of pointer to that pointing to a single
object of the array.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
[DECLARE|DEFINE]_PER_CPU_MULTIPAGE_ALIGNED never really worked because
the head percpu section was only page aligned. Now that the last user
is gone (32-bit IRQ stacks), remove the generic percpu facility.
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
LKML-Reference: <1288158182-1753-1-git-send-email-brgerst@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Add a new readmostly percpu section and API. This can be used to
avoid dirtying data lines which are generally not written to, which is
especially important for data which may be accessed by processors
other than the one for which the percpu area belongs to.
[ hpa: moved it *after* the page-aligned section, for obvious
reasons. ]
Signed-off-by: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com>
LKML-Reference: <1287544022.4571.7.camel@sli10-conroe.sh.intel.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
The irq stacks, located in the percpu-area, need to be
THREAD_SIZE aligned. Add the infrastucture to align percpu
variables to larger-than-pagesize amounts within the percpu
area, and use it to specify the alignment for the irq stacks.
Also align the percpu area itself to THREAD_SIZE.
This should make irq stacks work with 8K THREAD_SIZE.
Signed-off-by: Alexander van Heukelum <heukelum@fastmail.fm>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: hch@lst.de
LKML-Reference: <1283799222.15941.1393621887@webmail.messagingengine.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
* 'for-35' of git://repo.or.cz/linux-kbuild: (81 commits)
kbuild: Revert part of e8d400a to resolve a conflict
kbuild: Fix checking of scm-identifier variable
gconfig: add support to show hidden options that have prompts
menuconfig: add support to show hidden options which have prompts
gconfig: remove show_debug option
gconfig: remove dbg_print_ptype() and dbg_print_stype()
kconfig: fix zconfdump()
kconfig: some small fixes
add random binaries to .gitignore
kbuild: Include gen_initramfs_list.sh and the file list in the .d file
kconfig: recalc symbol value before showing search results
.gitignore: ignore *.lzo files
headerdep: perlcritic warning
scripts/Makefile.lib: Align the output of LZO
kbuild: Generate modules.builtin in make modules_install
Revert "kbuild: specify absolute paths for cscope"
kbuild: Do not unnecessarily regenerate modules.builtin
headers_install: use local file handles
headers_check: fix perl warnings
export_report: fix perl warnings
...
If percpu pointer is const, __verify_pcpu_ptr() triggers warnings like
the following.
drivers/net/loopback.c: In function 'loopback_get_stats':
drivers/net/loopback.c:109: warning: initialization discards qualifiers from pointer target type
Fix it by adding const to the verification target pointer used in
__verify_pcpu_ptr().
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
The previous patch made sparse warn about percpu variables being used
directly without going through percpu accessors. This patch
implements the other half - checking whether non percpu variable is
passed into percpu accessors.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
We have to make __kernel "__attribute__((address_space(0)))" so we can
cast to it.
tj: * put_cpu_var() update.
* Annotations added to dynamic allocator interface.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Now that the return from alloc_percpu is compatible with the address
of per-cpu vars, it makes sense to hand around the address of per-cpu
variables. To make this sane, we remove the per_cpu__ prefix we used
created to stop people accidentally using these vars directly.
Now we have sparse, we can use that (next patch).
tj: * Updated to convert stuff which were missed by or added after the
original patch.
* Kill per_cpu_var() macro.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Make the following changes to remove some sparse warnings.
* Make DEFINE_PER_CPU_SECTION() declare __pcpu_unique_* before
defining it.
* Annotate pcpu_extend_area_map() that it is entered with pcpu_lock
held, releases it and then reacquires it.
* Make percpu related macros use unique nested variable names.
* While at it, add pcpu prefix to __size_call[_return]() macros as
to-be-implemented sparse annotations will add percpu specific stuff
to these macros.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/percpu: (46 commits)
powerpc64: convert to dynamic percpu allocator
sparc64: use embedding percpu first chunk allocator
percpu: kill lpage first chunk allocator
x86,percpu: use embedding for 64bit NUMA and page for 32bit NUMA
percpu: update embedding first chunk allocator to handle sparse units
percpu: use group information to allocate vmap areas sparsely
vmalloc: implement pcpu_get_vm_areas()
vmalloc: separate out insert_vmalloc_vm()
percpu: add chunk->base_addr
percpu: add pcpu_unit_offsets[]
percpu: introduce pcpu_alloc_info and pcpu_group_info
percpu: move pcpu_lpage_build_unit_map() and pcpul_lpage_dump_cfg() upward
percpu: add @align to pcpu_fc_alloc_fn_t
percpu: make @dyn_size mandatory for pcpu_setup_first_chunk()
percpu: drop @static_size from first chunk allocators
percpu: generalize first chunk allocator selection
percpu: build first chunk allocators selectively
percpu: rename 4k first chunk allocator to page
percpu: improve boot messages
percpu: fix pcpu_reclaim() locking
...
Fix trivial conflict as by Tejun Heo in kernel/sched.c
* 'x86-percpu-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip:
x86, percpu: Collect hot percpu variables into one cacheline
x86, percpu: Fix DECLARE/DEFINE_PER_CPU_PAGE_ALIGNED()
x86, percpu: Add 'percpu_read_stable()' interface for cacheable accesses
Pack aligned things together into a special section to minimize
padding holes.
Suggested-by: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy.fitzhardinge@citrix.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
LKML-Reference: <4AA035C0.9070202@goop.org>
[ queued up in tip:x86/asm because it depends on this commit:
x86/i386: Make sure stack-protector segment base is cache aligned ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
DECLARE/DEFINE_PER_CPU_PAGE_ALIGNED() put percpu variables in
.page_aligned section without adding any alignment restrictions.
Currently, this doesn't cause any problem because all users of the
macros have explicit page alignment and page-sized but it's much safer
to enforce page alignment from the macros. After all, it's what they
claim to do.
Add __aligned(PAGE_SIZE) to DECLARE/DEFINE_PER_CPU_PAGE_ALIGNED() and
drop explicit alignment from it users.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Pull linus#master to merge PER_CPU_DEF_ATTRIBUTES and alpha build fix
changes. As alpha in percpu tree uses 'weak' attribute instead of
inline assembly, there's no need for __used attribute.
Conflicts:
arch/alpha/include/asm/percpu.h
arch/mn10300/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
include/linux/percpu-defs.h
alpha percpu access requires custom SHIFT_PERCPU_PTR() definition for
modules to work around addressing range limitation. This is done via
generating inline assembly using C preprocessing which forces the
assembler to generate external reference. This happens behind the
compiler's back and makes the compiler think that static percpu variables
in modules are unused.
This used to be worked around by using __unused attribute for percpu
variables which prevent the compiler from omitting the variable; however,
recent declare/definition attribute unification change broke this as
__used can't be used for declaration. Also, in the process,
PER_CPU_ATTRIBUTES definition in alpha percpu.h got broken.
This patch adds PER_CPU_DEF_ATTRIBUTES which is only used for definitions
and make alpha use it to add __used for percpu variables in modules. This
also fixes the PER_CPU_ATTRIBUTES double definition bug.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Tested-by: maximilian attems <max@stro.at>
Acked-by: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
__weak is necessary only for definition and might even not work in
declaration. Drop it from declaration.
This change was suggested by Ivan Kokshaysky.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Some archs (alpha and s390) need to use weak definitions for percpu
variables in modules so that the compiler generates external
references for them.
This patch implements weak percpu definitions which arch can enable by
defining ARCH_NEEDS_WEAK_PER_CPU in arch percpu header file. This
weak definition adds the following two restrictions on percpu variable
definitions.
1. percpu symbols must be unique whether static or not
2. percpu variables can't be defined inside a function
To ensure that these restrictions are observed in generic code, config
option DEBUG_FORCE_WEAK_PER_CPU enables weak percpu definitions for
all cases.
This patch is inspired by Ivan Kokshaysky's alpha percpu patch.
[ Impact: stricter rules for percpu variables, one more debug config option ]
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru>
Collect the DECLARE/DEFINE declarations together in linux/percpu-defs.h so
that they're in one place, and give them descriptive comments, particularly
the SHARED_ALIGNED variant.
It would be nice to collect these in linux/percpu.h, but that's not possible
without sorting out the severe #include recursion between the x86 arch headers
and the general headers (and possibly other arches too).
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
