Pull security subsystem updates from James Morris:
SELinux/LSM:
- overlayfs support, necessary for container filesystems
LSM:
- finally remove the kernel_module_from_file hook
Smack:
- treat signal delivery as an 'append' operation
TPM:
- lots of bugfixes & updates
Audit:
- new audit data type: LSM_AUDIT_DATA_FILE
* 'next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: (47 commits)
Revert "tpm/tpm_crb: implement tpm crb idle state"
Revert "tmp/tpm_crb: fix Intel PTT hw bug during idle state"
Revert "tpm/tpm_crb: open code the crb_init into acpi_add"
Revert "tmp/tpm_crb: implement runtime pm for tpm_crb"
lsm,audit,selinux: Introduce a new audit data type LSM_AUDIT_DATA_FILE
tmp/tpm_crb: implement runtime pm for tpm_crb
tpm/tpm_crb: open code the crb_init into acpi_add
tmp/tpm_crb: fix Intel PTT hw bug during idle state
tpm/tpm_crb: implement tpm crb idle state
tpm: add check for minimum buffer size in tpm_transmit()
tpm: constify TPM 1.x header structures
tpm/tpm_crb: fix the over 80 characters checkpatch warring
tpm/tpm_crb: drop useless cpu_to_le32 when writing to registers
tpm/tpm_crb: cache cmd_size register value.
tmp/tpm_crb: drop include to platform_device
tpm/tpm_tis: remove unused itpm variable
tpm_crb: fix incorrect values of cmdReady and goIdle bits
tpm_crb: refine the naming of constants
tpm_crb: remove wmb()'s
tpm_crb: fix crb_req_canceled behavior
...
inode_change_ok() will be resposible for clearing capabilities and IMA
extended attributes and as such will need dentry. Give it as an argument
to inode_change_ok() instead of an inode. Also rename inode_change_ok()
to setattr_prepare() to better relect that it does also some
modifications in addition to checks.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
The function uses the memory address of a struct dentry as unique id.
While the address-based directory entry is only visible to root it is IMHO
still worth fixing since the temporary name does not have to be a kernel
address. It can be any unique number. Replace it by an atomic integer
which is allowed to wrap around.
Signed-off-by: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v3.18+
Fixes: e9be9d5e76 ("overlay filesystem")
Now, we have the notion that copy up of a file is done with the creds
of mounter of overlay filesystem (as opposed to task). Right now before
we switch creds, we do some vfs_getattr() operations in the context of
task and that itself can fail. We should do that getattr() using the
creds of mounter instead.
So this patch switches to mounter's creds early during copy up process so
that even vfs_getattr() is done with mounter's creds.
Do not call revert_creds() unless we have already called
ovl_override_creds(). [Reported by Arnd Bergmann]
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
The getxattr() in ovl_is_opaquedir() was missed when converting all
operations on underlying fs to be done under mounter's permission.
This patch fixes this by moving the ovl_override_creds()/revert_creds() out
from ovl_lookup_real() to ovl_lookup().
Also convert to using vfs_getxattr() instead of directly calling
i_op->getxattr().
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Be defensive about what underlying fs provides us in the returned xattr
list buffer. strlen() may overrun the buffer, so use strnlen() and WARN if
the contents are not properly null terminated.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
This patch allows flock, posix locks, ofd locks and leases to work
correctly on overlayfs.
Instead of using the underlying inode for storing lock context use the
overlay inode. This allows locks to be persistent across copy-up.
This is done by introducing locks_inode() helper and using it instead of
file_inode() to get the inode in locking code. For non-overlayfs the two
are equivalent, except for an extra pointer dereference in locks_inode().
Since lock operations are in "struct file_operations" we must also make
sure not to call underlying filesystem's lock operations. Introcude a
super block flag MS_NOREMOTELOCK to this effect.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@poochiereds.net>
Cc: "J. Bruce Fields" <bfields@fieldses.org>
Workdir creation fails in latest kernel.
Fix by allowing EOPNOTSUPP as a valid return value from
vfs_removexattr(XATTR_NAME_POSIX_ACL_*). Upper filesystem may not support
ACL and still be perfectly able to support overlayfs.
Reported-by: Martin Ziegler <ziegler@uni-freiburg.de>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: c11b9fdd6a ("ovl: remove posix_acl_default from workdir")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Be defensive about what underlying fs provides us in the returned xattr
list buffer. If it's not properly null terminated, bail out with a warning
insead of BUG.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Now that overlayfs has xattr handlers for iop->{set,remove}xattr, use
those same handlers for iop->getxattr as well.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Setting POSIX acl may also modify the file mode, so need to copy that up to
the overlay inode.
Reported-by: Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Fixes: d837a49bd5 ("ovl: fix POSIX ACL setting")
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Commit d837a49bd5 ("ovl: fix POSIX ACL setting") switches from
iop->setxattr from ovl_setxattr to generic_setxattr, so switch from
ovl_removexattr to generic_removexattr as well. As far as permission
checking goes, the same rules should apply in either case.
While doing that, rename ovl_setxattr to ovl_xattr_set to indicate that
this is not an iop->setxattr implementation and remove the unused inode
argument.
Move ovl_other_xattr_set above ovl_own_xattr_set so that they match the
order of handlers in ovl_xattr_handlers.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Fixes: d837a49bd5 ("ovl: fix POSIX ACL setting")
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Use an ordinary #ifdef to conditionally include the POSIX ACL handlers
in ovl_xattr_handlers, like the other filesystems do. Flag the code
that is now only used conditionally with __maybe_unused.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Gruenbacher <agruenba@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Trivial fix to spelling mistake in pr_err message.
Signed-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Some operations (setxattr/chmod) can make the cached acl stale. We either
need to clear overlay's acl cache for the affected inode or prevent acl
caching on the overlay altogether. Preventing caching has the following
advantages:
- no double caching, less memory used
- overlay cache doesn't go stale when fs clears it's own cache
Possible disadvantage is performance loss. If that becomes a problem
get_acl() can be optimized for overlayfs.
This patch disables caching by pre setting i_*acl to a value that
- has bit 0 set, so is_uncached_acl() will return true
- is not equal to ACL_NOT_CACHED, so get_acl() will not overwrite it
The constant -3 was chosen for this purpose.
Fixes: 39a25b2b37 ("ovl: define ->get_acl() for overlay inodes")
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Instead of calling ->get_acl() directly, use get_acl() to get the cached
value.
We will have the acl cached on the underlying inode anyway, because we do
permission checking on the both the overlay and the underlying fs.
So, since we already have double caching, this improves performance without
any cost.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
When mounting overlayfs it needs a clean "work" directory under the
supplied workdir.
Previously the mount code removed this directory if it already existed and
created a new one. If the removal failed (e.g. directory was not empty)
then it fell back to a read-only mount not using the workdir.
While this has never been reported, it is possible to get a non-empty
"work" dir from a previous mount of overlayfs in case of crash in the
middle of an operation using the work directory.
In this case the left over state should be discarded and the overlay
filesystem will be consistent, guaranteed by the atomicity of operations on
moving to/from the workdir to the upper layer.
This patch implements cleaning out any files left in workdir. It is
implemented using real recursion for simplicity, but the depth is limited
to 2, because the worst case is that of a directory containing whiteouts
under "work".
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Clear out posix acl xattrs on workdir and also reset the mode after
creation so that an inherited sgid bit is cleared.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Setting MS_POSIXACL in sb->s_flags has the side effect of passing mode to
create functions without masking against umask.
Another problem when creating over a whiteout is that the default posix acl
is not inherited from the parent dir (because the real parent dir at the
time of creation is the work directory).
Fix these problems by:
a) If upper fs does not have MS_POSIXACL, then mask mode with umask.
b) If creating over a whiteout, call posix_acl_create() to get the
inherited acls. After creation (but before moving to the final
destination) set these acls on the created file. posix_acl_create() also
updates the file creation mode as appropriate.
Fixes: 39a25b2b37 ("ovl: define ->get_acl() for overlay inodes")
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
During a new file creation we need to make sure new file is created with the
right label. New file is created in upper/ so effectively file should get
label as if task had created file in upper/.
We switched to mounter's creds for actual file creation. Also if there is a
whiteout present, then file will be created in work/ dir first and then
renamed in upper. In none of the cases file will be labeled as we want it to
be.
This patch introduces a new hook dentry_create_files_as(), which determines
the label/context dentry will get if it had been created by task in upper
and modify passed set of creds appropriately. Caller makes use of these new
creds for file creation.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
[PM: fix whitespace issues found with checkpatch.pl]
[PM: changes to use stat->mode in ovl_create_or_link()]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Provide a security hook which is called when xattrs of a file are being
copied up. This hook is called once for each xattr and LSM can return
0 if the security module wants the xattr to be copied up, 1 if the
security module wants the xattr to be discarded on the copy, -EOPNOTSUPP
if the security module does not handle/manage the xattr, or a -errno
upon an error.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
[PM: whitespace cleanup for checkpatch.pl]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
Provide a security hook to label new file correctly when a file is copied
up from lower layer to upper layer of a overlay/union mount.
This hook can prepare a new set of creds which are suitable for new file
creation during copy up. Caller will use new creds to create file and then
revert back to old creds and release new creds.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
[PM: whitespace cleanup to appease checkpatch.pl]
Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
When a copy up of a directory occurs which has the opaque xattr set, the
xattr remains in the upper directory. The immediate behavior with overlayfs
is that the upper directory is not treated as opaque, however after a
remount the opaque flag is used and upper directory is treated as opaque.
This causes files created in the lower layer to be hidden when using
multiple lower directories.
Fix by not copying up the opaque flag.
To reproduce:
----8<---------8<---------8<---------8<---------8<---------8<----
mkdir -p l/d/s u v w mnt
mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=l,upperdir=u,workdir=w mnt
rm -rf mnt/d/
mkdir -p mnt/d/n
umount mnt
mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=u:l,upperdir=v,workdir=w mnt
touch mnt/d/foo
umount mnt
mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=u:l,upperdir=v,workdir=w mnt
ls mnt/d
----8<---------8<---------8<---------8<---------8<---------8<----
output should be: "foo n"
Reported-by: Derek McGowan <dmcg@drizz.net>
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=151291
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
The empty checking logic is duplicated in ovl_check_empty_and_clear() and
ovl_remove_and_whiteout(), except the condition for clearing whiteouts is
different:
ovl_check_empty_and_clear() checked for being upper
ovl_remove_and_whiteout() checked for merge OR lower
Move the intersection of those checks (upper AND merge) into
ovl_check_empty_and_clear() and simplify ovl_remove_and_whiteout().
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
This does not work and does not make sense. So instead of fixing it
(probably not hard) just disallow.
Reported-by: Andrei Vagin <avagin@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Right now we remove MAY_WRITE/MAY_APPEND bits from mask if realfile is on
lower/. This is done as files on lower will never be written and will be
copied up. But to copy up a file, mounter should have MAY_READ permission
otherwise copy up will fail. So set MAY_READ in mask when MAY_WRITE is
reset.
Dan Walsh noticed this when he did access(lowerfile, W_OK) and it returned
True (context mounts) but when he tried to actually write to file, it
failed as mounter did not have permission on lower file.
[SzM] don't set MAY_READ if only MAY_APPEND is set without MAY_WRITE; this
won't trigger a copy-up.
Reported-by: Dan Walsh <dwalsh@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Right now if file is on lower/, we remove MAY_WRITE/MAY_APPEND bits from
mask as lower/ will never be written and file will be copied up. But this
is not true for special files. These files are not copied up and are opened
in place. So don't dilute the checks for these types of files.
Reported-by: Dan Walsh <dwalsh@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Setting POSIX ACL needs special handling:
1) Some permission checks are done by ->setxattr() which now uses mounter's
creds ("ovl: do operations on underlying file system in mounter's
context"). These permission checks need to be done with current cred as
well.
2) Setting ACL can fail for various reasons. We do not need to copy up in
these cases.
In the mean time switch to using generic_setxattr.
[Arnd Bergmann] Fix link error without POSIX ACL. posix_acl_from_xattr()
doesn't have a 'static inline' implementation when CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL is
disabled, and I could not come up with an obvious way to do it.
This instead avoids the link error by defining two sets of ACL operations
and letting the compiler drop one of the two at compile time depending
on CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL. This avoids all references to the ACL code,
also leading to smaller code.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Inode attributes are copied up to overlay inode (uid, gid, mode, atime,
mtime, ctime) so generic code using these fields works correcty. If a hard
link is created in overlayfs separate inodes are allocated for each link.
If chmod/chown/etc. is performed on one of the links then the inode
belonging to the other ones won't be updated.
This patch attempts to fix this by sharing inodes for hard links.
Use inode hash (with real inode pointer as a key) to make sure overlay
inodes are shared for hard links on upper. Hard links on lower are still
split (which is not user observable until the copy-up happens, see
Documentation/filesystems/overlayfs.txt under "Non-standard behavior").
The inode is only inserted in the hash if it is non-directoy and upper.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
To get from overlay inode to real inode we currently use 'struct
ovl_entry', which has lifetime connected to overlay dentry. This is okay,
since each overlay dentry had a new overlay inode allocated.
Following patch will break that assumption, so need to leave out ovl_entry.
This patch stores the real inode directly in i_private, with the lowest bit
used to indicate whether the inode is upper or lower.
Lifetime rules remain, using ovl_inode_real() must only be done while
caller holds ref on overlay dentry (and hence on real dentry), or within
RCU protected regions.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fix atime update logic in overlayfs.
This patch adds an i_op->update_time() handler to overlayfs inodes. This
forwards atime updates to the upper layer only. No atime updates are done
on lower layers.
Remove implicit atime updates to underlying files and directories with
O_NOATIME. Remove explicit atime update in ovl_readlink().
Clear atime related mnt flags from cloned upper mount. This means atime
updates are controlled purely by overlayfs mount options.
Reported-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
When creating directory in workdir, the group/sgid inheritance from the
parent dir was omitted completely. Fix this by calling inode_init_owner()
on overlay inode and using the resulting uid/gid/mode to create the file.
Unfortunately the sgid bit can be stripped off due to umask, so need to
reset the mode in this case in workdir before moving the directory in
place.
Reported-by: Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
The fact that we always do permission checking on the overlay inode and
clear MAY_WRITE for checking access to the lower inode allows cruft to be
removed from ovl_permission().
1) "default_permissions" option effectively did generic_permission() on the
overlay inode with i_mode, i_uid and i_gid updated from underlying
filesystem. This is what we do by default now. It did the update using
vfs_getattr() but that's only needed if the underlying filesystem can
change (which is not allowed). We may later introduce a "paranoia_mode"
that verifies that mode/uid/gid are not changed.
2) splitting out the IS_RDONLY() check from inode_permission() also becomes
unnecessary once we remove the MAY_WRITE from the lower inode check.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Now we have two levels of checks in ovl_permission(). overlay inode
is checked with the creds of task while underlying inode is checked
with the creds of mounter.
Looks like mounter does not have to have WRITE access to files on lower/.
So remove the MAY_WRITE from access mask for checks on underlying
lower inode.
This means task should still have the MAY_WRITE permission on lower
inode and mounter is not required to have MAY_WRITE.
It also solves the problem of read only NFS mounts being used as lower.
If __inode_permission(lower_inode, MAY_WRITE) is called on read only
NFS, it fails. By resetting MAY_WRITE, check succeeds and case of
read only NFS shold work with overlay without having to specify any
special mount options (default permission).
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Given we are now doing checks both on overlay inode as well underlying
inode, we should be able to do checks and operations on underlying file
system using mounter's context.
So modify all operations to do checks/operations on underlying dentry/inode
in the context of mounter.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Right now ovl_permission() calls __inode_permission(realinode), to do
permission checks on real inode and no checks are done on overlay inode.
Modify it to do checks both on overlay inode as well as underlying inode.
Checks on overlay inode will be done with the creds of calling task while
checks on underlying inode will be done with the creds of mounter.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Now we are planning to do DAC permission checks on overlay inode
itself. And to make it work, we will need to make sure we can get acls from
underlying inode. So define ->get_acl() for overlay inodes and this in turn
calls into underlying filesystem to get acls, if any.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
ovl_create_upper() and ovl_create_over_whiteout() seem to be sharing some
common code which can be moved into a separate function. No functionality
change.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Previously this was only done for directory inodes. Doing so for all
inodes makes for a nice cleanup in ovl_permission at zero cost.
Inodes are not shared for hard links on the overlay, so this works fine.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
The hash salting changes meant that we can no longer reuse the hash in the
overlay dentry to look up the underlying dentry.
Instead of lookup_hash(), use lookup_one_len_unlocked() and swith to
mounter's creds (like we do for all other operations later in the series).
Now the lookup_hash() export introduced in 4.6 by 3c9fe8cdff ("vfs: add
lookup_hash() helper") is unused and can possibly be removed; its
usefulness negated by the hash salting and the idea that mounter's creds
should be used on operations on underlying filesystems.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: 8387ff2577 ("vfs: make the string hashes salt the hash")
The upper dentry may become stale before we call ovl_lock_rename_workdir.
For example, someone could (mistakenly or maliciously) manually unlink(2)
it directly from upperdir.
To ensure it is not stale, let's lookup it after ovl_lock_rename_workdir
and and check if it matches the upper dentry.
Essentially, it is the same problem and similar solution as in
commit 11f3710417 ("ovl: verify upper dentry before unlink and rename").
Signed-off-by: Maxim Patlasov <mpatlasov@virtuozzo.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Right now when a new overlay inode is created, we initialize overlay
inode's ->i_mode from underlying inode ->i_mode but we retain only
file type bits (S_IFMT) and discard permission bits.
This patch changes it and retains permission bits too. This should allow
overlay to do permission checks on overlay inode itself in task context.
[SzM] It also fixes clearing suid/sgid bits on write.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: 4bacc9c923 ("overlayfs: Make f_path always point to the overlay and f_inode to the underlay")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Before 4bacc9c923 ("overlayfs: Make f_path...") file->f_path pointed to
the underlying file, hence suid/sgid removal on write worked fine.
After that patch file->f_path pointed to the overlay file, and the file
mode bits weren't copied to overlay_inode->i_mode. So the suid/sgid
removal simply stopped working.
The fix is to copy the mode bits, but then ovl_setattr() needs to clear
ATTR_MODE to avoid the BUG() in notify_change(). So do this first, then in
the next patch copy the mode.
Reported-by: Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: 4bacc9c923 ("overlayfs: Make f_path always point to the overlay and f_inode to the underlay")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
overlay needs underlying fs to support d_type. Recently I put in a
patch in to detect this condition and started failing mount if
underlying fs did not support d_type.
But this breaks existing configurations over kernel upgrade. Those who
are running docker (partially broken configuration) with xfs not
supporting d_type, are surprised that after kernel upgrade docker does
not run anymore.
https://github.com/docker/docker/issues/22937#issuecomment-229881315
So instead of erroring out, detect broken configuration and warn
about it. This should allow existing docker setups to continue
working after kernel upgrade.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: 45aebeaf4f ("ovl: Ensure upper filesystem supports d_type")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> 4.6
The two methods essentially do the same: find the real dentry/inode
belonging to an overlay dentry. The difference is in the usage:
vfs_open() uses ->d_select_inode() and expects the function to perform
copy-up if necessary based on the open flags argument.
file_dentry() uses ->d_real() passing in the overlay dentry as well as the
underlying inode.
vfs_rename() uses ->d_select_inode() but passes zero flags. ->d_real()
with a zero inode would have worked just as well here.
This patch merges the functionality of ->d_select_inode() into ->d_real()
by adding an 'open_flags' argument to the latter.
[Al Viro] Make the signature of d_real() match that of ->d_real() again.
And constify the inode argument, while we are at it.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
When truncating a file we should check write access on the underlying
inode. And we should do so on the lower file as well (before copy-up) for
consistency.
Original patch and test case by Aihua Zhang.
- - >o >o - - test.c - - >o >o - -
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int ret;
ret = truncate(argv[0], 4096);
if (ret != -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "truncate(argv[0]) should have failed\n");
return 1;
}
if (errno != ETXTBSY) {
perror("truncate(argv[0])");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
- - >o >o - - >o >o - - >o >o - -
Reported-by: Aihua Zhang <zhangaihua1@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
When using the 'default_permissions' mount option, ovl_permission() on
non-directories was missing a dput(alias), resulting in "BUG Dentry still
in use".
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: 8d3095f4ad ("ovl: default permissions")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v4.5+
Fix a regression when creating a file over a whiteout. The new
file/directory needs to use the current fsuid/fsgid, not the ones from the
mounter's credentials.
The refcounting is a bit tricky: prepare_creds() sets an original refcount,
override_creds() gets one more, which revert_cred() drops. So
1) we need to expicitly put the mounter's credentials when overriding
with the updated one
2) we need to put the original ref to the updated creds (and this can
safely be done before revert_creds(), since we'll still have the ref
from override_creds()).
Reported-by: Stephen Smalley <sds@tycho.nsa.gov>
Fixes: 3fe6e52f06 ("ovl: override creds with the ones from the superblock mounter")
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
a) ovl_need_xattr_filter() is wrong, we can have multiple lower layers
overlaid, all of which (except the lowest one) honouring the
"trusted.overlay.opaque" xattr. So need to filter everything except the
bottom and the pure-upper layer.
b) we no longer can assume that inode is attached to dentry in
get/setxattr.
This patch unconditionally filters private xattrs to fix both of the above.
Performance impact for get/removexattrs is likely in the noise.
For listxattrs it might be measurable in pathological cases, but I very
much hope nobody cares. If they do, we'll fix it then.
Reported-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Fixes: b96809173e ("security_d_instantiate(): move to the point prior to attaching dentry to inode")
Pull vfs fixes from Al Viro:
"Followups to the parallel lookup work:
- update docs
- restore killability of the places that used to take ->i_mutex
killably now that we have down_write_killable() merged
- Additionally, it turns out that I missed a prerequisite for
security_d_instantiate() stuff - ->getxattr() wasn't the only thing
that could be called before dentry is attached to inode; with smack
we needed the same treatment applied to ->setxattr() as well"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
switch ->setxattr() to passing dentry and inode separately
switch xattr_handler->set() to passing dentry and inode separately
restore killability of old mutex_lock_killable(&inode->i_mutex) users
add down_write_killable_nested()
update D/f/directory-locking
smack ->d_instantiate() uses ->setxattr(), so to be able to call it before
we'd hashed the new dentry and attached it to inode, we need ->setxattr()
instances getting the inode as an explicit argument rather than obtaining
it from dentry.
Similar change for ->getxattr() had been done in commit ce23e64. Unlike
->getxattr() (which is used by both selinux and smack instances of
->d_instantiate()) ->setxattr() is used only by smack one and unfortunately
it got missed back then.
Reported-by: Seung-Woo Kim <sw0312.kim@samsung.com>
Tested-by: Casey Schaufler <casey@schaufler-ca.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Pull overlayfs update from Miklos Szeredi:
"The meat of this is a change to use the mounter's credentials for
operations that require elevated privileges (such as whiteout
creation). This fixes behavior under user namespaces as well as being
a nice cleanup"
* 'overlayfs-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/vfs:
ovl: Do d_type check only if work dir creation was successful
ovl: update documentation
ovl: override creds with the ones from the superblock mounter
d_type check requires successful creation of workdir as iterates
through work dir and expects work dir to be present in it. If that's
not the case, this check will always return d_type not supported even
if underlying filesystem might be supporting it.
So don't do this check if work dir creation failed in previous step.
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
In user namespace the whiteout creation fails with -EPERM because the
current process isn't capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) when setting xattr.
A simple reproducer:
$ mkdir upper lower work merged lower/dir
$ sudo mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=lower,upperdir=upper,workdir=work merged
$ unshare -m -p -f -U -r bash
Now as root in the user namespace:
\# touch merged/dir/{1,2,3} # this will force a copy up of lower/dir
\# rm -fR merged/*
This ends up failing with -EPERM after the files in dir has been
correctly deleted:
unlinkat(4, "2", 0) = 0
unlinkat(4, "1", 0) = 0
unlinkat(4, "3", 0) = 0
close(4) = 0
unlinkat(AT_FDCWD, "merged/dir", AT_REMOVEDIR) = -1 EPERM (Operation not
permitted)
Interestingly, if you don't place files in merged/dir you can remove it,
meaning if upper/dir does not exist, creating the char device file works
properly in that same location.
This patch uses ovl_sb_creator_cred() to get the cred struct from the
superblock mounter and override the old cred with these new ones so that
the whiteout creation is possible because overlay is wrong in assuming that
the creds it will get with prepare_creds will be in the initial user
namespace. The old cap_raise game is removed in favor of just overriding
the old cred struct.
This patch also drops from ovl_copy_up_one() the following two lines:
override_cred->fsuid = stat->uid;
override_cred->fsgid = stat->gid;
This is because the correct uid and gid are taken directly with the stat
struct and correctly set with ovl_set_attr().
Signed-off-by: Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Backmerge to resolve a conflict in ovl_lookup_real();
"ovl_lookup_real(): use lookup_one_len_unlocked()" instead,
but it was too late in the cycle to rebase.
Generally permission checking is not necessary when overlayfs looks up a
dentry on one of the underlying layers, since search permission on base
directory was already checked in ovl_permission().
More specifically using lookup_one_len() causes a problem when the lower
directory lacks search permission for a specific user while the upper
directory does have search permission. Since lookups are cached, this
causes inconsistency in behavior: success depends on who did the first
lookup.
So instead use lookup_hash() which doesn't do the permission check.
Reported-by: Ignacy Gawędzki <ignacy.gawedzki@green-communications.fr>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
ta-da!
The main issue is the lack of down_write_killable(), so the places
like readdir.c switched to plain inode_lock(); once killable
variants of rwsem primitives appear, that'll be dealt with.
lockdep side also might need more work
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
This series fixes bugs in nfs and ext4 due to 4bacc9c923 ("overlayfs:
Make f_path always point to the overlay and f_inode to the underlay").
Regular files opened on overlayfs will result in the file being opened on
the underlying filesystem, while f_path points to the overlayfs
mount/dentry.
This confuses filesystems which get the dentry from struct file and assume
it's theirs.
Add a new helper, file_dentry() [*], to get the filesystem's own dentry
from the file. This checks file->f_path.dentry->d_flags against
DCACHE_OP_REAL, and returns file->f_path.dentry if DCACHE_OP_REAL is not
set (this is the common, non-overlayfs case).
In the uncommon case it will call into overlayfs's ->d_real() to get the
underlying dentry, matching file_inode(file).
The reason we need to check against the inode is that if the file is copied
up while being open, d_real() would return the upper dentry, while the open
file comes from the lower dentry.
[*] If possible, it's better simply to use file_inode() instead.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Tested-by: Goldwyn Rodrigues <rgoldwyn@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: Trond Myklebust <trond.myklebust@primarydata.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v4.2
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Daniel Axtens <dja@axtens.net>
The 'is_merge' is an historical naming from when only a single lower layer
could exist. With the introduction of multiple lower layers the meaning of
this flag was changed to mean only the "lowest layer" (while all lower
layers were being merged).
So now 'is_merge' is inaccurate and hence renaming to 'is_lowest'
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
This patch fixes a newline warning found by the checkpatch.pl tool
Signed-off-by: Sohom-Bhattacharjee <soham.bhattacharjee15@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
In some instances xfs has been created with ftype=0 and there if a file
on lower fs is removed, overlay leaves a whiteout in upper fs but that
whiteout does not get filtered out and is visible to overlayfs users.
And reason it does not get filtered out because upper filesystem does
not report file type of whiteout as DT_CHR during iterate_dir().
So it seems to be a requirement that upper filesystem support d_type for
overlayfs to work properly. Do this check during mount and fail if d_type
is not supported.
Suggested-by: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Print a warning when overlayfs copies up a file if the process that
triggered the copy up has a R/O fd open to the lower file being copied up.
This can help catch applications that do things like the following:
fd1 = open("foo", O_RDONLY);
fd2 = open("foo", O_RDWR);
where they expect fd1 and fd2 to refer to the same file - which will no
longer be the case post-copy up.
With this patch, the following commands:
bash 5</mnt/a/foo128
6<>/mnt/a/foo128
assuming /mnt/a/foo128 to be an un-copied up file on an overlay will
produce the following warning in the kernel log:
overlayfs: Copying up foo129, but open R/O on fd 5 which will cease
to be coherent [pid=3818 bash]
This is enabled by setting:
/sys/module/overlay/parameters/check_copy_up
to 1.
The warnings are ratelimited and are also limited to one warning per file -
assuming the copy up completes in each case.
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
This patch hides error about missing lowerdir if MS_SILENT is set.
We use mount(NULL, "/", "overlay", MS_SILENT, NULL) for testing support of
overlayfs: syscall returns -ENODEV if it's not supported. Otherwise kernel
automatically loads module and returns -EINVAL because lowerdir is missing.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Unlink and rename in overlayfs checked the upper dentry for staleness by
verifying upper->d_parent against upperdir. However the dentry can go
stale also by being unhashed, for example.
Expand the verification to actually look up the name again (under parent
lock) and check if it matches the upper dentry. This matches what the VFS
does before passing the dentry to filesytem's unlink/rename methods, which
excludes any inconsistency caused by overlayfs.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@redhat.com>
Overlayfs must update uid/gid after chown, otherwise functions
like inode_owner_or_capable() will check user against stale uid.
Catched by xfstests generic/087, it chowns file and calls utimes.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
After rename file dentry still holds reference to lower dentry from
previous location. This doesn't matter for data access because data comes
from upper dentry. But this stale lower dentry taints dentry at new
location and turns it into non-pure upper. Such file leaves visible
whiteout entry after remove in directory which shouldn't have whiteouts at
all.
Overlayfs already tracks pureness of file location in oe->opaque. This
patch just uses that for detecting actual path type.
Comment from Vivek Goyal's patch:
Here are the details of the problem. Do following.
$ mkdir upper lower work merged upper/dir/
$ touch lower/test
$ sudo mount -t overlay overlay -olowerdir=lower,upperdir=upper,workdir=
work merged
$ mv merged/test merged/dir/
$ rm merged/dir/test
$ ls -l merged/dir/
/usr/bin/ls: cannot access merged/dir/test: No such file or directory
total 0
c????????? ? ? ? ? ? test
Basic problem seems to be that once a file has been unlinked, a whiteout
has been left behind which was not needed and hence it becomes visible.
Whiteout is visible because parent dir is of not type MERGE, hence
od->is_real is set during ovl_dir_open(). And that means ovl_iterate()
passes on iterate handling directly to underlying fs. Underlying fs does
not know/filter whiteouts so it becomes visible to user.
Why did we leave a whiteout to begin with when we should not have.
ovl_do_remove() checks for OVL_TYPE_PURE_UPPER() and does not leave
whiteout if file is pure upper. In this case file is not found to be pure
upper hence whiteout is left.
So why file was not PURE_UPPER in this case? I think because dentry is
still carrying some leftover state which was valid before rename. For
example, od->numlower was set to 1 as it was a lower file. After rename,
this state is not valid anymore as there is no such file in lower.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Reported-by: Viktor Stanchev <me@viktorstanchev.com>
Suggested-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Link: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=109611
Acked-by: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
ovl_remove_upper() should do d_drop() only after it successfully
removes the dir, otherwise a subsequent getcwd() system call will
fail, breaking userspace programs.
This is to fix: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=110491
Signed-off-by: Rui Wang <rui.y.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
This adds missing .d_select_inode into alternative dentry_operations.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com>
Fixes: 7c03b5d45b ("ovl: allow distributed fs as lower layer")
Fixes: 4bacc9c923 ("overlayfs: Make f_path always point to the overlay and f_inode to the underlay")
Reviewed-by: Nikolay Borisov <kernel@kyup.com>
Tested-by: Nikolay Borisov <kernel@kyup.com>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 4.2+
parallel to mutex_{lock,unlock,trylock,is_locked,lock_nested},
inode_foo(inode) being mutex_foo(&inode->i_mutex).
Please, use those for access to ->i_mutex; over the coming cycle
->i_mutex will become rwsem, with ->lookup() done with it held
only shared.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Merge third patch-bomb from Andrew Morton:
"I'm pretty much done for -rc1 now:
- the rest of MM, basically
- lib/ updates
- checkpatch, epoll, hfs, fatfs, ptrace, coredump, exit
- cpu_mask simplifications
- kexec, rapidio, MAINTAINERS etc, etc.
- more dma-mapping cleanups/simplifications from hch"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (109 commits)
MAINTAINERS: add/fix git URLs for various subsystems
mm: memcontrol: add "sock" to cgroup2 memory.stat
mm: memcontrol: basic memory statistics in cgroup2 memory controller
mm: memcontrol: do not uncharge old page in page cache replacement
Documentation: cgroup: add memory.swap.{current,max} description
mm: free swap cache aggressively if memcg swap is full
mm: vmscan: do not scan anon pages if memcg swap limit is hit
swap.h: move memcg related stuff to the end of the file
mm: memcontrol: replace mem_cgroup_lruvec_online with mem_cgroup_online
mm: vmscan: pass memcg to get_scan_count()
mm: memcontrol: charge swap to cgroup2
mm: memcontrol: clean up alloc, online, offline, free functions
mm: memcontrol: flatten struct cg_proto
mm: memcontrol: rein in the CONFIG space madness
net: drop tcp_memcontrol.c
mm: memcontrol: introduce CONFIG_MEMCG_LEGACY_KMEM
mm: memcontrol: allow to disable kmem accounting for cgroup2
mm: memcontrol: account "kmem" consumers in cgroup2 memory controller
mm: memcontrol: move kmem accounting code to CONFIG_MEMCG
mm: memcontrol: separate kmem code from legacy tcp accounting code
...
Pull overlayfs updates from Miklos Szeredi:
"This contains several bug fixes and a new mount option
'default_permissions' that allows read-only exported NFS
filesystems to be used as lower layer"
* 'overlayfs-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/vfs:
ovl: check dentry positiveness in ovl_cleanup_whiteouts()
ovl: setattr: check permissions before copy-up
ovl: root: copy attr
ovl: move super block magic number to magic.h
ovl: use a minimal buffer in ovl_copy_xattr
ovl: allow zero size xattr
ovl: default permissions
i386 allmodconfig:
In file included from fs/overlayfs/super.c:10:0:
fs/overlayfs/super.c: In function 'ovl_fill_super':
include/linux/fs.h:898:36: error: 'PAGE_CACHE_SIZE' undeclared (first use in this function)
#define MAX_LFS_FILESIZE (((loff_t)PAGE_CACHE_SIZE << (BITS_PER_LONG-1))-1)
^
fs/overlayfs/super.c:939:19: note: in expansion of macro 'MAX_LFS_FILESIZE'
sb->s_maxbytes = MAX_LFS_FILESIZE;
^
include/linux/fs.h:898:36: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
#define MAX_LFS_FILESIZE (((loff_t)PAGE_CACHE_SIZE << (BITS_PER_LONG-1))-1)
^
fs/overlayfs/super.c:939:19: note: in expansion of macro 'MAX_LFS_FILESIZE'
sb->s_maxbytes = MAX_LFS_FILESIZE;
^
Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
This patch fixes kernel crash at removing directory which contains
whiteouts from lower layers.
Cache of directory content passed as "list" contains entries from all
layers, including whiteouts from lower layers. So, lookup in upper dir
(moved into work at this stage) will return negative entry. Plus this
cache is filled long before and we can race with external removal.
Example:
mkdir -p lower0/dir lower1/dir upper work overlay
touch lower0/dir/a lower0/dir/b
mknod lower1/dir/a c 0 0
mount -t overlay none overlay -o lowerdir=lower1:lower0,upperdir=upper,workdir=work
rm -fr overlay/dir
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.18+
Without this copy-up of a file can be forced, even without actually being
allowed to do anything on the file.
[Arnd Bergmann] include <linux/pagemap.h> for PAGE_CACHE_SIZE (used by
MAX_LFS_FILESIZE definition).
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
We copy i_uid and i_gid of underlying inode into overlayfs inode. Except
for the root inode.
Fix this omission.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
new method: ->get_link(); replacement of ->follow_link(). The differences
are:
* inode and dentry are passed separately
* might be called both in RCU and non-RCU mode;
the former is indicated by passing it a NULL dentry.
* when called that way it isn't allowed to block
and should return ERR_PTR(-ECHILD) if it needs to be called
in non-RCU mode.
It's a flagday change - the old method is gone, all in-tree instances
converted. Conversion isn't hard; said that, so far very few instances
do not immediately bail out when called in RCU mode. That'll change
in the next commits.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
[Al Viro] The bug is in being too enthusiastic about optimizing ->setattr()
away - instead of "copy verbatim with metadata" + "chmod/chown/utimes"
(with the former being always safe and the latter failing in case of
insufficient permissions) it tries to combine these two. Note that copyup
itself will have to do ->setattr() anyway; _that_ is where the elevated
capabilities are right. Having these two ->setattr() (one to set verbatim
copy of metadata, another to do what overlayfs ->setattr() had been asked
to do in the first place) combined is where it breaks.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
The overlayfs file system is not recognized by programs
like tail because the magic number is not in standard header location.
Move it so that the value will propagate on for the GNU library
and utilities. Needs to go in the fstatfs manual page as well.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org>
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Rather than always allocating the high-order XATTR_SIZE_MAX buffer
which is costly and prone to failure, only allocate what is needed and
realloc if necessary.
Fixes https://github.com/coreos/bugs/issues/489
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
When ovl_copy_xattr() encountered a zero size xattr no more xattrs were
copied and the function returned success. This is clearly not the desired
behavior.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Pull overlayfs bug fixes from Miklos Szeredi:
"This contains fixes for bugs that appeared in earlier kernels (all are
marked for -stable)"
* 'overlayfs-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mszeredi/vfs:
ovl: free lower_mnt array in ovl_put_super
ovl: free stack of paths in ovl_fill_super
ovl: fix open in stacked overlay
ovl: fix dentry reference leak
ovl: use O_LARGEFILE in ovl_copy_up()
Add mount option "default_permissions" to alter the way permissions are
calculated.
Without this option and prior to this patch permissions were calculated by
underlying lower or upper filesystem.
With this option the permissions are calculated by overlayfs based on the
file owner, group and mode bits.
This has significance for example when a read-only exported NFS filesystem
is used as a lower layer. In this case the underlying NFS filesystem will
reply with EROFS, in which case all we know is that the filesystem is
read-only. But that's not what we are interested in, we are interested in
whether the access would be allowed if the filesystem wasn't read-only; the
server doesn't tell us that, and would need updating at various levels,
which doesn't seem practicable.
Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu>
