srcu: Implement more-efficient reader counts

SRCU uses two per-cpu counters: a nesting counter to count the number of
active critical sections, and a sequence counter to ensure that the nesting
counters don't change while they are being added together in
srcu_readers_active_idx_check().

This patch instead uses per-cpu lock and unlock counters. Because both
counters only increase and srcu_readers_active_idx_check() reads the unlock
counter before the lock counter, this achieves the same end without having
to increment two different counters in srcu_read_lock(). This also saves a
smp_mb() in srcu_readers_active_idx_check().

Possible bug: There is no guarantee that the lock counter won't overflow
during srcu_readers_active_idx_check(), as there are no memory barriers
around srcu_flip() (see comment in srcu_readers_active_idx_check() for
details). However, this problem was already present before this patch.

Suggested-by: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Signed-off-by: Lance Roy <ldr709@gmail.com>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Lai Jiangshan <jiangshanlai@gmail.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>

include/linux/srcu.h

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@
 #include <linux/rcupdate.h>
 #include <linux/workqueue.h>
 
-struct srcu_struct_array {
-	unsigned long c[2];
-	unsigned long seq[2];
+struct srcu_array {
+	unsigned long lock_count[2];
+	unsigned long unlock_count[2];
 };
 
 struct rcu_batch {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ struct rcu_batch {
 
 struct srcu_struct {
 	unsigned long completed;
-	struct srcu_struct_array __percpu *per_cpu_ref;
+	struct srcu_array __percpu *per_cpu_ref;
 	spinlock_t queue_lock; /* protect ->batch_queue, ->running */
 	bool running;
 	/* callbacks just queued */
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ void process_srcu(struct work_struct *work);
  * See include/linux/percpu-defs.h for the rules on per-CPU variables.
  */
 #define __DEFINE_SRCU(name, is_static)					\
-	static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct srcu_struct_array, name##_srcu_array);\
+	static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct srcu_array, name##_srcu_array);\
 	is_static struct srcu_struct name = __SRCU_STRUCT_INIT(name)
 #define DEFINE_SRCU(name)		__DEFINE_SRCU(name, /* not static */)
 #define DEFINE_STATIC_SRCU(name)	__DEFINE_SRCU(name, static)

kernel/rcu/rcutorture.c

@@ -564,10 +564,25 @@ static void srcu_torture_stats(void)
 	pr_alert("%s%s per-CPU(idx=%d):",
 		 torture_type, TORTURE_FLAG, idx);
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
+		unsigned long l0, l1;
+		unsigned long u0, u1;
 		long c0, c1;
+		struct srcu_array *counts = per_cpu_ptr(srcu_ctlp->per_cpu_ref, cpu);
 
-		c0 = (long)per_cpu_ptr(srcu_ctlp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->c[!idx];
-		c1 = (long)per_cpu_ptr(srcu_ctlp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->c[idx];
+		u0 = counts->unlock_count[!idx];
+		u1 = counts->unlock_count[idx];
+
+		/*
+		 * Make sure that a lock is always counted if the corresponding
+		 * unlock is counted.
+		 */
+		smp_rmb();
+
+		l0 = counts->lock_count[!idx];
+		l1 = counts->lock_count[idx];
+
+		c0 = l0 - u0;
+		c1 = l1 - u1;
 		pr_cont(" %d(%ld,%ld)", cpu, c0, c1);
 	}
 	pr_cont("\n");

kernel/rcu/srcu.c

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ static int init_srcu_struct_fields(struct srcu_struct *sp)
 	rcu_batch_init(&sp->batch_check1);
 	rcu_batch_init(&sp->batch_done);
 	INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&sp->work, process_srcu);
-	sp->per_cpu_ref = alloc_percpu(struct srcu_struct_array);
+	sp->per_cpu_ref = alloc_percpu(struct srcu_array);
 	return sp->per_cpu_ref ? 0 : -ENOMEM;
 }
 
@@ -141,114 +141,77 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(init_srcu_struct);
 #endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_LOCK_ALLOC */
 
 /*
- * Returns approximate total of the readers' ->seq[] values for the
+ * Returns approximate total of the readers' ->lock_count[] values for the
  * rank of per-CPU counters specified by idx.
  */
-static unsigned long srcu_readers_seq_idx(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
+static unsigned long srcu_readers_lock_idx(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
 {
 	int cpu;
 	unsigned long sum = 0;
-	unsigned long t;
 
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
-		t = READ_ONCE(per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->seq[idx]);
-		sum += t;
+		struct srcu_array *cpuc = per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu);
+
+		sum += READ_ONCE(cpuc->lock_count[idx]);
 	}
 	return sum;
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns approximate number of readers active on the specified rank
- * of the per-CPU ->c[] counters.
+ * Returns approximate total of the readers' ->unlock_count[] values for the
+ * rank of per-CPU counters specified by idx.
  */
-static unsigned long srcu_readers_active_idx(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
+static unsigned long srcu_readers_unlock_idx(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
 {
 	int cpu;
 	unsigned long sum = 0;
-	unsigned long t;
 
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
-		t = READ_ONCE(per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->c[idx]);
-		sum += t;
+		struct srcu_array *cpuc = per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu);
+
+		sum += READ_ONCE(cpuc->unlock_count[idx]);
 	}
 	return sum;
 }
 
 /*
  * Return true if the number of pre-existing readers is determined to
- * be stably zero.  An example unstable zero can occur if the call
- * to srcu_readers_active_idx() misses an __srcu_read_lock() increment,
- * but due to task migration, sees the corresponding __srcu_read_unlock()
- * decrement.  This can happen because srcu_readers_active_idx() takes
- * time to sum the array, and might in fact be interrupted or preempted
- * partway through the summation.
+ * be zero.
  */
 static bool srcu_readers_active_idx_check(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
 {
-	unsigned long seq;
+	unsigned long unlocks;
 
-	seq = srcu_readers_seq_idx(sp, idx);
+	unlocks = srcu_readers_unlock_idx(sp, idx);
 
 	/*
-	 * The following smp_mb() A pairs with the smp_mb() B located in
-	 * __srcu_read_lock().  This pairing ensures that if an
-	 * __srcu_read_lock() increments its counter after the summation
-	 * in srcu_readers_active_idx(), then the corresponding SRCU read-side
-	 * critical section will see any changes made prior to the start
-	 * of the current SRCU grace period.
+	 * Make sure that a lock is always counted if the corresponding unlock
+	 * is counted. Needs to be a smp_mb() as the read side may contain a
+	 * read from a variable that is written to before the synchronize_srcu()
+	 * in the write side. In this case smp_mb()s A and B act like the store
+	 * buffering pattern.
 	 *
-	 * Also, if the above call to srcu_readers_seq_idx() saw the
-	 * increment of ->seq[], then the call to srcu_readers_active_idx()
-	 * must see the increment of ->c[].
+	 * This smp_mb() also pairs with smp_mb() C to prevent accesses after the
+	 * synchronize_srcu() from being executed before the grace period ends.
 	 */
 	smp_mb(); /* A */
 
 	/*
-	 * Note that srcu_readers_active_idx() can incorrectly return
-	 * zero even though there is a pre-existing reader throughout.
-	 * To see this, suppose that task A is in a very long SRCU
-	 * read-side critical section that started on CPU 0, and that
-	 * no other reader exists, so that the sum of the counters
-	 * is equal to one.  Then suppose that task B starts executing
-	 * srcu_readers_active_idx(), summing up to CPU 1, and then that
-	 * task C starts reading on CPU 0, so that its increment is not
-	 * summed, but finishes reading on CPU 2, so that its decrement
-	 * -is- summed.  Then when task B completes its sum, it will
-	 * incorrectly get zero, despite the fact that task A has been
-	 * in its SRCU read-side critical section the whole time.
+	 * If the locks are the same as the unlocks, then there must have
+	 * been no readers on this index at some time in between. This does not
+	 * mean that there are no more readers, as one could have read the
+	 * current index but not have incremented the lock counter yet.
 	 *
-	 * We therefore do a validation step should srcu_readers_active_idx()
-	 * return zero.
+	 * Possible bug: There is no guarantee that there haven't been ULONG_MAX
+	 * increments of ->lock_count[] since the unlocks were counted, meaning
+	 * that this could return true even if there are still active readers.
+	 * Since there are no memory barriers around srcu_flip(), the CPU is not
+	 * required to increment ->completed before running
+	 * srcu_readers_unlock_idx(), which means that there could be an
+	 * arbitrarily large number of critical sections that execute after
+	 * srcu_readers_unlock_idx() but use the old value of ->completed.
 	 */
-	if (srcu_readers_active_idx(sp, idx) != 0)
-		return false;
-
-	/*
-	 * The remainder of this function is the validation step.
-	 * The following smp_mb() D pairs with the smp_mb() C in
-	 * __srcu_read_unlock().  If the __srcu_read_unlock() was seen
-	 * by srcu_readers_active_idx() above, then any destructive
-	 * operation performed after the grace period will happen after
-	 * the corresponding SRCU read-side critical section.
-	 *
-	 * Note that there can be at most NR_CPUS worth of readers using
-	 * the old index, which is not enough to overflow even a 32-bit
-	 * integer.  (Yes, this does mean that systems having more than
-	 * a billion or so CPUs need to be 64-bit systems.)  Therefore,
-	 * the sum of the ->seq[] counters cannot possibly overflow.
-	 * Therefore, the only way that the return values of the two
-	 * calls to srcu_readers_seq_idx() can be equal is if there were
-	 * no increments of the corresponding rank of ->seq[] counts
-	 * in the interim.  But the missed-increment scenario laid out
-	 * above includes an increment of the ->seq[] counter by
-	 * the corresponding __srcu_read_lock().  Therefore, if this
-	 * scenario occurs, the return values from the two calls to
-	 * srcu_readers_seq_idx() will differ, and thus the validation
-	 * step below suffices.
-	 */
-	smp_mb(); /* D */
-
-	return srcu_readers_seq_idx(sp, idx) == seq;
+	return srcu_readers_lock_idx(sp, idx) == unlocks;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -266,8 +229,12 @@ static bool srcu_readers_active(struct srcu_struct *sp)
 	unsigned long sum = 0;
 
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
-		sum += READ_ONCE(per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->c[0]);
-		sum += READ_ONCE(per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu)->c[1]);
+		struct srcu_array *cpuc = per_cpu_ptr(sp->per_cpu_ref, cpu);
+
+		sum += READ_ONCE(cpuc->lock_count[0]);
+		sum += READ_ONCE(cpuc->lock_count[1]);
+		sum -= READ_ONCE(cpuc->unlock_count[0]);
+		sum -= READ_ONCE(cpuc->unlock_count[1]);
 	}
 	return sum;
 }
@@ -298,9 +265,8 @@ int __srcu_read_lock(struct srcu_struct *sp)
 	int idx;
 
 	idx = READ_ONCE(sp->completed) & 0x1;
-	__this_cpu_inc(sp->per_cpu_ref->c[idx]);
+	__this_cpu_inc(sp->per_cpu_ref->lock_count[idx]);
 	smp_mb(); /* B */  /* Avoid leaking the critical section. */
-	__this_cpu_inc(sp->per_cpu_ref->seq[idx]);
 	return idx;
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__srcu_read_lock);
@@ -314,7 +280,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__srcu_read_lock);
 void __srcu_read_unlock(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx)
 {
 	smp_mb(); /* C */  /* Avoid leaking the critical section. */
-	this_cpu_dec(sp->per_cpu_ref->c[idx]);
+	this_cpu_inc(sp->per_cpu_ref->unlock_count[idx]);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__srcu_read_unlock);
 
@@ -349,7 +315,7 @@ static bool try_check_zero(struct srcu_struct *sp, int idx, int trycount)
 
 /*
  * Increment the ->completed counter so that future SRCU readers will
- * use the other rank of the ->c[] and ->seq[] arrays.  This allows
+ * use the other rank of the ->(un)lock_count[] arrays.  This allows
  * us to wait for pre-existing readers in a starvation-free manner.
  */
 static void srcu_flip(struct srcu_struct *sp)