diff --git a/fs/io-wq.c b/fs/io-wq.c
index 9b375009a553..33b14b85752b 100644
--- a/fs/io-wq.c
+++ b/fs/io-wq.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ enum {
 	IO_WORKER_F_FREE	= 4,	/* worker on free list */
 	IO_WORKER_F_EXITING	= 8,	/* worker exiting */
 	IO_WORKER_F_FIXED	= 16,	/* static idle worker */
+	IO_WORKER_F_BOUND	= 32,	/* is doing bounded work */
 };
 
 enum {
@@ -66,6 +67,17 @@ struct io_wq_nulls_list {
 #define IO_WQ_HASH_ORDER	5
 #endif
 
+struct io_wqe_acct {
+	unsigned nr_workers;
+	unsigned max_workers;
+	atomic_t nr_running;
+};
+
+enum {
+	IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND,
+	IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND,
+};
+
 /*
  * Per-node worker thread pool
  */
@@ -78,9 +90,7 @@ struct io_wqe {
 	} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
 
 	int node;
-	unsigned nr_workers;
-	unsigned max_workers;
-	atomic_t nr_running;
+	struct io_wqe_acct acct[2];
 
 	struct io_wq_nulls_list free_list;
 	struct io_wq_nulls_list busy_list;
@@ -97,6 +107,7 @@ struct io_wq {
 	unsigned nr_wqes;
 
 	struct task_struct *manager;
+	struct user_struct *user;
 	struct mm_struct *mm;
 	refcount_t refs;
 	struct completion done;
@@ -152,10 +163,29 @@ static bool __io_worker_unuse(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker)
 	return dropped_lock;
 }
 
+static inline struct io_wqe_acct *io_work_get_acct(struct io_wqe *wqe,
+						   struct io_wq_work *work)
+{
+	if (work->flags & IO_WQ_WORK_UNBOUND)
+		return &wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND];
+
+	return &wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND];
+}
+
+static inline struct io_wqe_acct *io_wqe_get_acct(struct io_wqe *wqe,
+						  struct io_worker *worker)
+{
+	if (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_BOUND)
+		return &wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND];
+
+	return &wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND];
+}
+
 static void io_worker_exit(struct io_worker *worker)
 {
 	struct io_wqe *wqe = worker->wqe;
-	bool all_done = false;
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct = io_wqe_get_acct(wqe, worker);
+	unsigned nr_workers;
 
 	/*
 	 * If we're not at zero, someone else is holding a brief reference
@@ -169,7 +199,9 @@ static void io_worker_exit(struct io_worker *worker)
 	preempt_disable();
 	current->flags &= ~PF_IO_WORKER;
 	if (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_RUNNING)
-		atomic_dec(&wqe->nr_running);
+		atomic_dec(&acct->nr_running);
+	if (!(worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_BOUND))
+		atomic_dec(&wqe->wq->user->processes);
 	worker->flags = 0;
 	preempt_enable();
 
@@ -179,17 +211,88 @@ static void io_worker_exit(struct io_worker *worker)
 		__release(&wqe->lock);
 		spin_lock_irq(&wqe->lock);
 	}
-	wqe->nr_workers--;
-	all_done = !wqe->nr_workers;
+	acct->nr_workers--;
+	nr_workers = wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND].nr_workers +
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND].nr_workers;
 	spin_unlock_irq(&wqe->lock);
 
 	/* all workers gone, wq exit can proceed */
-	if (all_done && refcount_dec_and_test(&wqe->wq->refs))
+	if (!nr_workers && refcount_dec_and_test(&wqe->wq->refs))
 		complete(&wqe->wq->done);
 
 	kfree_rcu(worker, rcu);
 }
 
+static inline bool io_wqe_run_queue(struct io_wqe *wqe)
+	__must_hold(wqe->lock)
+{
+	if (!list_empty(&wqe->work_list) && !(wqe->flags & IO_WQE_FLAG_STALLED))
+		return true;
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check head of free list for an available worker. If one isn't available,
+ * caller must wake up the wq manager to create one.
+ */
+static bool io_wqe_activate_free_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe)
+	__must_hold(RCU)
+{
+	struct hlist_nulls_node *n;
+	struct io_worker *worker;
+
+	n = rcu_dereference(hlist_nulls_first_rcu(&wqe->free_list.head));
+	if (is_a_nulls(n))
+		return false;
+
+	worker = hlist_nulls_entry(n, struct io_worker, nulls_node);
+	if (io_worker_get(worker)) {
+		wake_up(&worker->wait);
+		io_worker_release(worker);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We need a worker. If we find a free one, we're good. If not, and we're
+ * below the max number of workers, wake up the manager to create one.
+ */
+static void io_wqe_wake_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_wqe_acct *acct)
+{
+	bool ret;
+
+	/*
+	 * Most likely an attempt to queue unbounded work on an io_wq that
+	 * wasn't setup with any unbounded workers.
+	 */
+	WARN_ON_ONCE(!acct->max_workers);
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	ret = io_wqe_activate_free_worker(wqe);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	if (!ret && acct->nr_workers < acct->max_workers)
+		wake_up_process(wqe->wq->manager);
+}
+
+static void io_wqe_inc_running(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker)
+{
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct = io_wqe_get_acct(wqe, worker);
+
+	atomic_inc(&acct->nr_running);
+}
+
+static void io_wqe_dec_running(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker)
+	__must_hold(wqe->lock)
+{
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct = io_wqe_get_acct(wqe, worker);
+
+	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&acct->nr_running) && io_wqe_run_queue(wqe))
+		io_wqe_wake_worker(wqe, acct);
+}
+
 static void io_worker_start(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker)
 {
 	allow_kernel_signal(SIGINT);
@@ -198,7 +301,7 @@ static void io_worker_start(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker)
 
 	worker->flags |= (IO_WORKER_F_UP | IO_WORKER_F_RUNNING);
 	worker->restore_files = current->files;
-	atomic_inc(&wqe->nr_running);
+	io_wqe_inc_running(wqe, worker);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -209,6 +312,8 @@ static void __io_worker_busy(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker,
 			     struct io_wq_work *work)
 	__must_hold(wqe->lock)
 {
+	bool worker_bound, work_bound;
+
 	if (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_FREE) {
 		worker->flags &= ~IO_WORKER_F_FREE;
 		hlist_nulls_del_init_rcu(&worker->nulls_node);
@@ -216,6 +321,28 @@ static void __io_worker_busy(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_worker *worker,
 						&wqe->busy_list.head);
 	}
 	worker->cur_work = work;
+
+	/*
+	 * If worker is moving from bound to unbound (or vice versa), then
+	 * ensure we update the running accounting.
+	 */
+	 worker_bound = (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_BOUND) != 0;
+	 work_bound = (work->flags & IO_WQ_WORK_UNBOUND) == 0;
+	 if (worker_bound != work_bound) {
+		io_wqe_dec_running(wqe, worker);
+		if (work_bound) {
+			worker->flags |= IO_WORKER_F_BOUND;
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND].nr_workers--;
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND].nr_workers++;
+			atomic_dec(&wqe->wq->user->processes);
+		} else {
+			worker->flags &= ~IO_WORKER_F_BOUND;
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND].nr_workers++;
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND].nr_workers--;
+			atomic_inc(&wqe->wq->user->processes);
+		}
+		io_wqe_inc_running(wqe, worker);
+	 }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -335,14 +462,6 @@ static void io_worker_handle_work(struct io_worker *worker)
 	} while (1);
 }
 
-static inline bool io_wqe_run_queue(struct io_wqe *wqe)
-	__must_hold(wqe->lock)
-{
-	if (!list_empty(&wqe->work_list) && !(wqe->flags & IO_WQE_FLAG_STALLED))
-		return true;
-	return false;
-}
-
 static int io_wqe_worker(void *data)
 {
 	struct io_worker *worker = data;
@@ -391,46 +510,6 @@ static int io_wqe_worker(void *data)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Check head of free list for an available worker. If one isn't available,
- * caller must wake up the wq manager to create one.
- */
-static bool io_wqe_activate_free_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe)
-	__must_hold(RCU)
-{
-	struct hlist_nulls_node *n;
-	struct io_worker *worker;
-
-	n = rcu_dereference(hlist_nulls_first_rcu(&wqe->free_list.head));
-	if (is_a_nulls(n))
-		return false;
-
-	worker = hlist_nulls_entry(n, struct io_worker, nulls_node);
-	if (io_worker_get(worker)) {
-		wake_up(&worker->wait);
-		io_worker_release(worker);
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	return false;
-}
-
-/*
- * We need a worker. If we find a free one, we're good. If not, and we're
- * below the max number of workers, wake up the manager to create one.
- */
-static void io_wqe_wake_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe)
-{
-	bool ret;
-
-	rcu_read_lock();
-	ret = io_wqe_activate_free_worker(wqe);
-	rcu_read_unlock();
-
-	if (!ret && wqe->nr_workers < wqe->max_workers)
-		wake_up_process(wqe->wq->manager);
-}
-
 /*
  * Called when a worker is scheduled in. Mark us as currently running.
  */
@@ -444,7 +523,7 @@ void io_wq_worker_running(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	if (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_RUNNING)
 		return;
 	worker->flags |= IO_WORKER_F_RUNNING;
-	atomic_inc(&wqe->nr_running);
+	io_wqe_inc_running(wqe, worker);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -465,13 +544,13 @@ void io_wq_worker_sleeping(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	worker->flags &= ~IO_WORKER_F_RUNNING;
 
 	spin_lock_irq(&wqe->lock);
-	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&wqe->nr_running) && io_wqe_run_queue(wqe))
-		io_wqe_wake_worker(wqe);
+	io_wqe_dec_running(wqe, worker);
 	spin_unlock_irq(&wqe->lock);
 }
 
-static void create_io_worker(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wqe *wqe)
+static void create_io_worker(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wqe *wqe, int index)
 {
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct =&wqe->acct[index];
 	struct io_worker *worker;
 
 	worker = kcalloc_node(1, sizeof(*worker), GFP_KERNEL, wqe->node);
@@ -484,7 +563,7 @@ static void create_io_worker(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wqe *wqe)
 	worker->wqe = wqe;
 
 	worker->task = kthread_create_on_node(io_wqe_worker, worker, wqe->node,
-						"io_wqe_worker-%d", wqe->node);
+				"io_wqe_worker-%d/%d", index, wqe->node);
 	if (IS_ERR(worker->task)) {
 		kfree(worker);
 		return;
@@ -493,24 +572,31 @@ static void create_io_worker(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wqe *wqe)
 	spin_lock_irq(&wqe->lock);
 	hlist_nulls_add_head_rcu(&worker->nulls_node, &wqe->free_list.head);
 	worker->flags |= IO_WORKER_F_FREE;
-	if (!wqe->nr_workers)
+	if (index == IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND)
+		worker->flags |= IO_WORKER_F_BOUND;
+	if (!acct->nr_workers && (worker->flags & IO_WORKER_F_BOUND))
 		worker->flags |= IO_WORKER_F_FIXED;
-	wqe->nr_workers++;
+	acct->nr_workers++;
 	spin_unlock_irq(&wqe->lock);
 
+	if (index == IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND)
+		atomic_inc(&wq->user->processes);
+
 	wake_up_process(worker->task);
 }
 
-static inline bool io_wqe_need_new_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe)
+static inline bool io_wqe_need_worker(struct io_wqe *wqe, int index)
 	__must_hold(wqe->lock)
 {
-	if (!wqe->nr_workers)
-		return true;
-	if (hlist_nulls_empty(&wqe->free_list.head) &&
-	    wqe->nr_workers < wqe->max_workers && io_wqe_run_queue(wqe))
-		return true;
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct = &wqe->acct[index];
 
-	return false;
+	/* always ensure we have one bounded worker */
+	if (index == IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND && !acct->nr_workers)
+		return true;
+	/* if we have available workers or no work, no need */
+	if (!hlist_nulls_empty(&wqe->free_list.head) || !io_wqe_run_queue(wqe))
+		return false;
+	return acct->nr_workers < acct->max_workers;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -525,13 +611,18 @@ static int io_wq_manager(void *data)
 
 		for (i = 0; i < wq->nr_wqes; i++) {
 			struct io_wqe *wqe = wq->wqes[i];
-			bool fork_worker = false;
+			bool fork_worker[2] = { false, false };
 
 			spin_lock_irq(&wqe->lock);
-			fork_worker = io_wqe_need_new_worker(wqe);
+			if (io_wqe_need_worker(wqe, IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND))
+				fork_worker[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND] = true;
+			if (io_wqe_need_worker(wqe, IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND))
+				fork_worker[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND] = true;
 			spin_unlock_irq(&wqe->lock);
-			if (fork_worker)
-				create_io_worker(wq, wqe);
+			if (fork_worker[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND])
+				create_io_worker(wq, wqe, IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND);
+			if (fork_worker[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND])
+				create_io_worker(wq, wqe, IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND);
 		}
 		set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
 		schedule_timeout(HZ);
@@ -540,17 +631,53 @@ static int io_wq_manager(void *data)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static bool io_wq_can_queue(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_wqe_acct *acct,
+			    struct io_wq_work *work)
+{
+	bool free_worker;
+
+	if (!(work->flags & IO_WQ_WORK_UNBOUND))
+		return true;
+	if (atomic_read(&acct->nr_running))
+		return true;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	free_worker = !hlist_nulls_empty(&wqe->free_list.head);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	if (free_worker)
+		return true;
+
+	if (atomic_read(&wqe->wq->user->processes) >= acct->max_workers &&
+	    !(capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) || capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)))
+		return false;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 static void io_wqe_enqueue(struct io_wqe *wqe, struct io_wq_work *work)
 {
+	struct io_wqe_acct *acct = io_work_get_acct(wqe, work);
 	unsigned long flags;
 
+	/*
+	 * Do early check to see if we need a new unbound worker, and if we do,
+	 * if we're allowed to do so. This isn't 100% accurate as there's a
+	 * gap between this check and incrementing the value, but that's OK.
+	 * It's close enough to not be an issue, fork() has the same delay.
+	 */
+	if (unlikely(!io_wq_can_queue(wqe, acct, work))) {
+		work->flags |= IO_WQ_WORK_CANCEL;
+		work->func(&work);
+		return;
+	}
+
 	spin_lock_irqsave(&wqe->lock, flags);
 	list_add_tail(&work->list, &wqe->work_list);
 	wqe->flags &= ~IO_WQE_FLAG_STALLED;
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&wqe->lock, flags);
 
-	if (!atomic_read(&wqe->nr_running))
-		io_wqe_wake_worker(wqe);
+	if (!atomic_read(&acct->nr_running))
+		io_wqe_wake_worker(wqe, acct);
 }
 
 void io_wq_enqueue(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wq_work *work)
@@ -828,7 +955,8 @@ void io_wq_flush(struct io_wq *wq)
 	}
 }
 
-struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned concurrency, struct mm_struct *mm)
+struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned bounded, struct mm_struct *mm,
+			   struct user_struct *user)
 {
 	int ret = -ENOMEM, i, node;
 	struct io_wq *wq;
@@ -844,6 +972,9 @@ struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned concurrency, struct mm_struct *mm)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	}
 
+	/* caller must already hold a reference to this */
+	wq->user = user;
+
 	i = 0;
 	refcount_set(&wq->refs, wq->nr_wqes);
 	for_each_online_node(node) {
@@ -854,7 +985,13 @@ struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned concurrency, struct mm_struct *mm)
 			break;
 		wq->wqes[i] = wqe;
 		wqe->node = node;
-		wqe->max_workers = concurrency;
+		wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND].max_workers = bounded;
+		atomic_set(&wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_BOUND].nr_running, 0);
+		if (user) {
+			wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND].max_workers =
+					task_rlimit(current, RLIMIT_NPROC);
+		}
+		atomic_set(&wqe->acct[IO_WQ_ACCT_UNBOUND].nr_running, 0);
 		wqe->node = node;
 		wqe->wq = wq;
 		spin_lock_init(&wqe->lock);
@@ -863,7 +1000,6 @@ struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned concurrency, struct mm_struct *mm)
 		wqe->free_list.nulls = 0;
 		INIT_HLIST_NULLS_HEAD(&wqe->busy_list.head, 1);
 		wqe->busy_list.nulls = 1;
-		atomic_set(&wqe->nr_running, 0);
 
 		i++;
 	}
diff --git a/fs/io-wq.h b/fs/io-wq.h
index 3de192dc73fc..8cb345256f35 100644
--- a/fs/io-wq.h
+++ b/fs/io-wq.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ enum {
 	IO_WQ_WORK_HASHED	= 4,
 	IO_WQ_WORK_NEEDS_USER	= 8,
 	IO_WQ_WORK_NEEDS_FILES	= 16,
+	IO_WQ_WORK_UNBOUND	= 32,
 
 	IO_WQ_HASH_SHIFT	= 24,	/* upper 8 bits are used for hash key */
 };
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ struct io_wq_work {
 		(work)->files = NULL;			\
 	} while (0)					\
 
-struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned concurrency, struct mm_struct *mm);
+struct io_wq *io_wq_create(unsigned bounded, struct mm_struct *mm,
+				struct user_struct *user);
 void io_wq_destroy(struct io_wq *wq);
 
 void io_wq_enqueue(struct io_wq *wq, struct io_wq_work *work);
diff --git a/fs/io_uring.c b/fs/io_uring.c
index 4d89a2f222bf..831bea0fbc75 100644
--- a/fs/io_uring.c
+++ b/fs/io_uring.c
@@ -3745,7 +3745,7 @@ static int io_sq_offload_start(struct io_ring_ctx *ctx,
 
 	/* Do QD, or 4 * CPUS, whatever is smallest */
 	concurrency = min(ctx->sq_entries, 4 * num_online_cpus());
-	ctx->io_wq = io_wq_create(concurrency, ctx->sqo_mm);
+	ctx->io_wq = io_wq_create(concurrency, ctx->sqo_mm, NULL);
 	if (IS_ERR(ctx->io_wq)) {
 		ret = PTR_ERR(ctx->io_wq);
 		ctx->io_wq = NULL;