License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-01 21:07:57 +07:00
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# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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#
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# linux/arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
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#
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# create a compressed vmlinux image from the original vmlinux
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#
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2014-10-31 23:22:04 +07:00
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# vmlinuz is:
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# decompression code (*.o)
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# asm globals (piggy.S), including:
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# vmlinux.bin.(gz|bz2|lzma|...)
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#
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# vmlinux.bin is:
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# vmlinux stripped of debugging and comments
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# vmlinux.bin.all is:
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# vmlinux.bin + vmlinux.relocs
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# vmlinux.bin.(gz|bz2|lzma|...) is:
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# (see scripts/Makefile.lib size_append)
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# compressed vmlinux.bin.all + u32 size of vmlinux.bin.all
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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2016-02-29 11:22:34 +07:00
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KASAN_SANITIZE := n
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OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD := y
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2015-02-14 05:39:25 +07:00
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kernel: add kcov code coverage
kcov provides code coverage collection for coverage-guided fuzzing
(randomized testing). Coverage-guided fuzzing is a testing technique
that uses coverage feedback to determine new interesting inputs to a
system. A notable user-space example is AFL
(http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/afl/). However, this technique is not
widely used for kernel testing due to missing compiler and kernel
support.
kcov does not aim to collect as much coverage as possible. It aims to
collect more or less stable coverage that is function of syscall inputs.
To achieve this goal it does not collect coverage in soft/hard
interrupts and instrumentation of some inherently non-deterministic or
non-interesting parts of kernel is disbled (e.g. scheduler, locking).
Currently there is a single coverage collection mode (tracing), but the
API anticipates additional collection modes. Initially I also
implemented a second mode which exposes coverage in a fixed-size hash
table of counters (what Quentin used in his original patch). I've
dropped the second mode for simplicity.
This patch adds the necessary support on kernel side. The complimentary
compiler support was added in gcc revision 231296.
We've used this support to build syzkaller system call fuzzer, which has
found 90 kernel bugs in just 2 months:
https://github.com/google/syzkaller/wiki/Found-Bugs
We've also found 30+ bugs in our internal systems with syzkaller.
Another (yet unexplored) direction where kcov coverage would greatly
help is more traditional "blob mutation". For example, mounting a
random blob as a filesystem, or receiving a random blob over wire.
Why not gcov. Typical fuzzing loop looks as follows: (1) reset
coverage, (2) execute a bit of code, (3) collect coverage, repeat. A
typical coverage can be just a dozen of basic blocks (e.g. an invalid
input). In such context gcov becomes prohibitively expensive as
reset/collect coverage steps depend on total number of basic
blocks/edges in program (in case of kernel it is about 2M). Cost of
kcov depends only on number of executed basic blocks/edges. On top of
that, kernel requires per-thread coverage because there are always
background threads and unrelated processes that also produce coverage.
With inlined gcov instrumentation per-thread coverage is not possible.
kcov exposes kernel PCs and control flow to user-space which is
insecure. But debugfs should not be mapped as user accessible.
Based on a patch by Quentin Casasnovas.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: make task_struct.kcov_mode have type `enum kcov_mode']
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: unbreak allmodconfig]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: follow x86 Makefile layout standards]
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: syzkaller <syzkaller@googlegroups.com>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Tavis Ormandy <taviso@google.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Quentin Casasnovas <quentin.casasnovas@oracle.com>
Cc: Kostya Serebryany <kcc@google.com>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@google.com>
Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@google.com>
Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Cc: David Drysdale <drysdale@google.com>
Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>
Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <ryabinin.a.a@gmail.com>
Cc: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill@shutemov.name>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-03-23 04:27:30 +07:00
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# Prevents link failures: __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc() is not linked in.
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KCOV_INSTRUMENT := n
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2013-07-09 06:01:48 +07:00
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targets := vmlinux vmlinux.bin vmlinux.bin.gz vmlinux.bin.bz2 vmlinux.bin.lzma \
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vmlinux.bin.xz vmlinux.bin.lzo vmlinux.bin.lz4
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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2016-11-03 15:53:50 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS := -m$(BITS) -D__KERNEL__ -O2
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x86/build: Build compressed x86 kernels as PIE
The 32-bit x86 assembler in binutils 2.26 will generate R_386_GOT32X
relocation to get the symbol address in PIC. When the compressed x86
kernel isn't built as PIC, the linker optimizes R_386_GOT32X relocations
to their fixed symbol addresses. However, when the compressed x86
kernel is loaded at a different address, it leads to the following
load failure:
Failed to allocate space for phdrs
during the decompression stage.
If the compressed x86 kernel is relocatable at run-time, it should be
compiled with -fPIE, instead of -fPIC, if possible and should be built as
Position Independent Executable (PIE) so that linker won't optimize
R_386_GOT32X relocation to its fixed symbol address.
Older linkers generate R_386_32 relocations against locally defined
symbols, _bss, _ebss, _got and _egot, in PIE. It isn't wrong, just less
optimal than R_386_RELATIVE. But the x86 kernel fails to properly handle
R_386_32 relocations when relocating the kernel. To generate
R_386_RELATIVE relocations, we mark _bss, _ebss, _got and _egot as
hidden in both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 kernels.
To build a 64-bit compressed x86 kernel as PIE, we need to disable the
relocation overflow check to avoid relocation overflow errors. We do
this with a new linker command-line option, -z noreloc-overflow, which
got added recently:
commit 4c10bbaa0912742322f10d9d5bb630ba4e15dfa7
Author: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Mar 15 11:07:06 2016 -0700
Add -z noreloc-overflow option to x86-64 ld
Add -z noreloc-overflow command-line option to the x86-64 ELF linker to
disable relocation overflow check. This can be used to avoid relocation
overflow check if there will be no dynamic relocation overflow at
run-time.
The 64-bit compressed x86 kernel is built as PIE only if the linker supports
-z noreloc-overflow. So far 64-bit relocatable compressed x86 kernel
boots fine even when it is built as a normal executable.
Signed-off-by: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
[ Edited the changelog and comments. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-03-17 10:04:35 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fno-strict-aliasing $(call cc-option, -fPIE, -fPIC)
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2009-04-02 07:35:00 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += -DDISABLE_BRANCH_PROFILING
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2009-12-26 06:40:38 +07:00
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cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_32) := -march=i386
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_64) := -mcmodel=small
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
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x86, build: Pass in additional -mno-mmx, -mno-sse options
In checkin
5551a34e5aea x86-64, build: Always pass in -mno-sse
we unconditionally added -mno-sse to the main build, to keep newer
compilers from generating SSE instructions from autovectorization.
However, this did not extend to the special environments
(arch/x86/boot, arch/x86/boot/compressed, and arch/x86/realmode/rm).
Add -mno-sse to the compiler command line for these environments, and
add -mno-mmx to all the environments as well, as we don't want a
compiler to generate MMX code either.
This patch also removes a $(cc-option) call for -m32, since we have
long since stopped supporting compilers too old for the -m32 option,
and in fact hardcode it in other places in the Makefiles.
Reported-by: Kevin B. Smith <kevin.b.smith@intel.com>
Cc: Sunil K. Pandey <sunil.k.pandey@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
Cc: H. J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/n/tip-j21wzqv790q834n7yc6g80j1@git.kernel.org
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # build fix only
2013-12-10 06:43:38 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += -mno-mmx -mno-sse
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-ffreestanding)
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-stack-protector)
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2017-07-26 04:50:53 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, address-of-packed-member)
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2017-10-31 02:43:51 +07:00
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KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, gnu)
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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KBUILD_AFLAGS := $(KBUILD_CFLAGS) -D__ASSEMBLY__
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2009-06-18 06:28:09 +07:00
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GCOV_PROFILE := n
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2016-01-21 06:00:55 +07:00
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UBSAN_SANITIZE :=n
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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LDFLAGS := -m elf_$(UTS_MACHINE)
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2016-11-19 04:07:19 +07:00
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# Compressed kernel should be built as PIE since it may be loaded at any
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# address by the bootloader.
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x86/build: Build compressed x86 kernels as PIE
The 32-bit x86 assembler in binutils 2.26 will generate R_386_GOT32X
relocation to get the symbol address in PIC. When the compressed x86
kernel isn't built as PIC, the linker optimizes R_386_GOT32X relocations
to their fixed symbol addresses. However, when the compressed x86
kernel is loaded at a different address, it leads to the following
load failure:
Failed to allocate space for phdrs
during the decompression stage.
If the compressed x86 kernel is relocatable at run-time, it should be
compiled with -fPIE, instead of -fPIC, if possible and should be built as
Position Independent Executable (PIE) so that linker won't optimize
R_386_GOT32X relocation to its fixed symbol address.
Older linkers generate R_386_32 relocations against locally defined
symbols, _bss, _ebss, _got and _egot, in PIE. It isn't wrong, just less
optimal than R_386_RELATIVE. But the x86 kernel fails to properly handle
R_386_32 relocations when relocating the kernel. To generate
R_386_RELATIVE relocations, we mark _bss, _ebss, _got and _egot as
hidden in both 32-bit and 64-bit x86 kernels.
To build a 64-bit compressed x86 kernel as PIE, we need to disable the
relocation overflow check to avoid relocation overflow errors. We do
this with a new linker command-line option, -z noreloc-overflow, which
got added recently:
commit 4c10bbaa0912742322f10d9d5bb630ba4e15dfa7
Author: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Date: Tue Mar 15 11:07:06 2016 -0700
Add -z noreloc-overflow option to x86-64 ld
Add -z noreloc-overflow command-line option to the x86-64 ELF linker to
disable relocation overflow check. This can be used to avoid relocation
overflow check if there will be no dynamic relocation overflow at
run-time.
The 64-bit compressed x86 kernel is built as PIE only if the linker supports
-z noreloc-overflow. So far 64-bit relocatable compressed x86 kernel
boots fine even when it is built as a normal executable.
Signed-off-by: H.J. Lu <hjl.tools@gmail.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
[ Edited the changelog and comments. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-03-17 10:04:35 +07:00
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ifeq ($(CONFIG_X86_32),y)
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LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -pie) $(call ld-option, --no-dynamic-linker)
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else
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# To build 64-bit compressed kernel as PIE, we disable relocation
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# overflow check to avoid relocation overflow error with a new linker
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# command-line option, -z noreloc-overflow.
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LDFLAGS += $(shell $(LD) --help 2>&1 | grep -q "\-z noreloc-overflow" \
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&& echo "-z noreloc-overflow -pie --no-dynamic-linker")
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endif
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2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
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LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -T
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2009-05-09 07:42:16 +07:00
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hostprogs-y := mkpiggy
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2012-02-28 20:37:22 +07:00
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HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I$(srctree)/tools/include
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2009-05-09 07:42:16 +07:00
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2016-04-29 07:09:08 +07:00
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sed-voffset := -e 's/^\([0-9a-fA-F]*\) [ABCDGRSTVW] \(_text\|__bss_start\|_end\)$$/\#define VO_\2 _AC(0x\1,UL)/p'
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x86/boot: Fix "run_size" calculation
Currently, the "run_size" variable holds the total kernel size
(size of code plus brk and bss) and is calculated via the shell script
arch/x86/tools/calc_run_size.sh. It gets the file offset and mem size
of the .bss and .brk sections from the vmlinux, and adds them as follows:
run_size = $(( $offsetA + $sizeA + $sizeB ))
However, this is not correct (it is too large). To illustrate, here's
a walk-through of the script's calculation, compared to the correct way
to find it.
First, offsetA is found as the starting address of the first .bss or
.brk section seen in the ELF file. The sizeA and sizeB values are the
respective section sizes.
[bhe@x1 linux]$ objdump -h vmlinux
vmlinux: file format elf64-x86-64
Sections:
Idx Name Size VMA LMA File off Algn
27 .bss 00170000 ffffffff81ec8000 0000000001ec8000 012c8000 2**12
ALLOC
28 .brk 00027000 ffffffff82038000 0000000002038000 012c8000 2**0
ALLOC
Here, offsetA is 0x012c8000, with sizeA at 0x00170000 and sizeB at
0x00027000. The resulting run_size is 0x145f000:
0x012c8000 + 0x00170000 + 0x00027000 = 0x145f000
However, if we instead examine the ELF LOAD program headers, we see a
different picture.
[bhe@x1 linux]$ readelf -l vmlinux
Elf file type is EXEC (Executable file)
Entry point 0x1000000
There are 5 program headers, starting at offset 64
Program Headers:
Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr
FileSiz MemSiz Flags Align
LOAD 0x0000000000200000 0xffffffff81000000 0x0000000001000000
0x0000000000b5e000 0x0000000000b5e000 R E 200000
LOAD 0x0000000000e00000 0xffffffff81c00000 0x0000000001c00000
0x0000000000145000 0x0000000000145000 RW 200000
LOAD 0x0000000001000000 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000001d45000
0x0000000000018158 0x0000000000018158 RW 200000
LOAD 0x000000000115e000 0xffffffff81d5e000 0x0000000001d5e000
0x000000000016a000 0x0000000000301000 RWE 200000
NOTE 0x000000000099bcac 0xffffffff8179bcac 0x000000000179bcac
0x00000000000001bc 0x00000000000001bc 4
Section to Segment mapping:
Segment Sections...
00 .text .notes __ex_table .rodata __bug_table .pci_fixup .tracedata
__ksymtab __ksymtab_gpl __ksymtab_strings __init_rodata __param
__modver
01 .data .vvar
02 .data..percpu
03 .init.text .init.data .x86_cpu_dev.init .parainstructions
.altinstructions .altinstr_replacement .iommu_table .apicdrivers
.exit.text .smp_locks .bss .brk
04 .notes
As mentioned, run_size needs to be the size of the running kernel
including .bss and .brk. We can see from the Section/Segment mapping
above that .bss and .brk are included in segment 03 (which corresponds
to the final LOAD program header). To find the run_size, we calculate
the end of the LOAD segment from its PhysAddr start (0x0000000001d5e000)
and its MemSiz (0x0000000000301000), minus the physical load address of
the kernel (the first LOAD segment's PhysAddr: 0x0000000001000000). The
resulting run_size is 0x105f000:
0x0000000001d5e000 + 0x0000000000301000 - 0x0000000001000000 = 0x105f000
So, from this we can see that the existing run_size calculation is
0x400000 too high. And, as it turns out, the correct run_size is
actually equal to VO_end - VO_text, which is certainly easier to calculate.
_end: 0xffffffff8205f000
_text:0xffffffff81000000
0xffffffff8205f000 - 0xffffffff81000000 = 0x105f000
As a result, run_size is a simple constant, so we don't need to pass it
around; we already have voffset.h for such things. We can share voffset.h
between misc.c and header.S instead of getting run_size in other ways.
This patch moves voffset.h creation code to boot/compressed/Makefile,
and switches misc.c to use the VO_end - VO_text calculation for run_size.
Dependence before:
boot/header.S ==> boot/voffset.h ==> vmlinux
boot/header.S ==> compressed/vmlinux ==> compressed/misc.c
Dependence after:
boot/header.S ==> compressed/vmlinux ==> compressed/misc.c ==> boot/voffset.h ==> vmlinux
Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
[ Rewrote the changelog. ]
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
Cc: Junjie Mao <eternal.n08@gmail.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: lasse.collin@tukaani.org
Fixes: e6023367d779 ("x86, kaslr: Prevent .bss from overlaping initrd")
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1461888548-32439-5-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-04-29 07:09:06 +07:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
quiet_cmd_voffset = VOFFSET $@
|
|
|
|
|
cmd_voffset = $(NM) $< | sed -n $(sed-voffset) > $@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
targets += ../voffset.h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$(obj)/../voffset.h: vmlinux FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,voffset)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$(obj)/misc.o: $(obj)/../voffset.h
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-11 03:03:10 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-y := $(obj)/vmlinux.lds $(obj)/head_$(BITS).o $(obj)/misc.o \
|
2016-05-03 05:51:00 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/string.o $(obj)/cmdline.o $(obj)/error.o \
|
2014-03-11 03:11:26 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/piggy.o $(obj)/cpuflags.o
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-11 03:26:10 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-$(CONFIG_EARLY_PRINTK) += $(obj)/early_serial_console.o
|
2016-04-18 23:42:10 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-$(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE) += $(obj)/kaslr.o
|
x86/KASLR: Build identity mappings on demand
Currently KASLR only supports relocation in a small physical range (from
16M to 1G), due to using the initial kernel page table identity mapping.
To support ranges above this, we need to have an identity mapping for the
desired memory range before we can decompress (and later run) the kernel.
32-bit kernels already have the needed identity mapping. This patch adds
identity mappings for the needed memory ranges on 64-bit kernels. This
happens in two possible boot paths:
If loaded via startup_32(), we need to set up the needed identity map.
If loaded from a 64-bit bootloader, the bootloader will have already
set up an identity mapping, and we'll start via the compressed kernel's
startup_64(). In this case, the bootloader's page tables need to be
avoided while selecting the new uncompressed kernel location. If not,
the decompressor could overwrite them during decompression.
To accomplish this, we could walk the pagetable and find every page
that is used, and add them to mem_avoid, but this needs extra code and
will require increasing the size of the mem_avoid array.
Instead, we can create a new set of page tables for our own identity
mapping instead. The pages for the new page table will come from the
_pagetable section of the compressed kernel, which means they are
already contained by in mem_avoid array. To do this, we reuse the code
from the uncompressed kernel's identity mapping routines.
The _pgtable will be shared by both the 32-bit and 64-bit paths to reduce
init_size, as now the compressed kernel's _rodata to _end will contribute
to init_size.
To handle the possible mappings, we need to increase the existing page
table buffer size:
When booting via startup_64(), we need to cover the old VO, params,
cmdline and uncompressed kernel. In an extreme case we could have them
all beyond the 512G boundary, which needs (2+2)*4 pages with 2M mappings.
And we'll need 2 for first 2M for VGA RAM. One more is needed for level4.
This gets us to 19 pages total.
When booting via startup_32(), KASLR could move the uncompressed kernel
above 4G, so we need to create extra identity mappings, which should only
need (2+2) pages at most when it is beyond the 512G boundary. So 19
pages is sufficient for this case as well.
The resulting BOOT_*PGT_SIZE defines use the "_SIZE" suffix on their
names to maintain logical consistency with the existing BOOT_HEAP_SIZE
and BOOT_STACK_SIZE defines.
This patch is based on earlier patches from Yinghai Lu and Baoquan He.
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: kernel-hardening@lists.openwall.com
Cc: lasse.collin@tukaani.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1462572095-11754-4-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-05-07 05:01:35 +07:00
|
|
|
ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
|
|
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-$(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE) += $(obj)/pagetable.o
|
2017-10-20 21:30:54 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-y += $(obj)/mem_encrypt.o
|
x86/KASLR: Build identity mappings on demand
Currently KASLR only supports relocation in a small physical range (from
16M to 1G), due to using the initial kernel page table identity mapping.
To support ranges above this, we need to have an identity mapping for the
desired memory range before we can decompress (and later run) the kernel.
32-bit kernels already have the needed identity mapping. This patch adds
identity mappings for the needed memory ranges on 64-bit kernels. This
happens in two possible boot paths:
If loaded via startup_32(), we need to set up the needed identity map.
If loaded from a 64-bit bootloader, the bootloader will have already
set up an identity mapping, and we'll start via the compressed kernel's
startup_64(). In this case, the bootloader's page tables need to be
avoided while selecting the new uncompressed kernel location. If not,
the decompressor could overwrite them during decompression.
To accomplish this, we could walk the pagetable and find every page
that is used, and add them to mem_avoid, but this needs extra code and
will require increasing the size of the mem_avoid array.
Instead, we can create a new set of page tables for our own identity
mapping instead. The pages for the new page table will come from the
_pagetable section of the compressed kernel, which means they are
already contained by in mem_avoid array. To do this, we reuse the code
from the uncompressed kernel's identity mapping routines.
The _pgtable will be shared by both the 32-bit and 64-bit paths to reduce
init_size, as now the compressed kernel's _rodata to _end will contribute
to init_size.
To handle the possible mappings, we need to increase the existing page
table buffer size:
When booting via startup_64(), we need to cover the old VO, params,
cmdline and uncompressed kernel. In an extreme case we could have them
all beyond the 512G boundary, which needs (2+2)*4 pages with 2M mappings.
And we'll need 2 for first 2M for VGA RAM. One more is needed for level4.
This gets us to 19 pages total.
When booting via startup_32(), KASLR could move the uncompressed kernel
above 4G, so we need to create extra identity mappings, which should only
need (2+2) pages at most when it is beyond the 512G boundary. So 19
pages is sufficient for this case as well.
The resulting BOOT_*PGT_SIZE defines use the "_SIZE" suffix on their
names to maintain logical consistency with the existing BOOT_HEAP_SIZE
and BOOT_STACK_SIZE defines.
This patch is based on earlier patches from Yinghai Lu and Baoquan He.
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Dave Young <dyoung@redhat.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: kernel-hardening@lists.openwall.com
Cc: lasse.collin@tukaani.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1462572095-11754-4-git-send-email-keescook@chromium.org
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2016-05-07 05:01:35 +07:00
|
|
|
endif
|
x86, efi: EFI boot stub support
There is currently a large divide between kernel development and the
development of EFI boot loaders. The idea behind this patch is to give
the kernel developers full control over the EFI boot process. As
H. Peter Anvin put it,
"The 'kernel carries its own stub' approach been very successful in
dealing with BIOS, and would make a lot of sense to me for EFI as
well."
This patch introduces an EFI boot stub that allows an x86 bzImage to
be loaded and executed by EFI firmware. The bzImage appears to the
firmware as an EFI application. Luckily there are enough free bits
within the bzImage header so that it can masquerade as an EFI
application, thereby coercing the EFI firmware into loading it and
jumping to its entry point. The beauty of this masquerading approach
is that both BIOS and EFI boot loaders can still load and run the same
bzImage, thereby allowing a single kernel image to work in any boot
environment.
The EFI boot stub supports multiple initrds, but they must exist on
the same partition as the bzImage. Command-line arguments for the
kernel can be appended after the bzImage name when run from the EFI
shell, e.g.
Shell> bzImage console=ttyS0 root=/dev/sdb initrd=initrd.img
v7:
- Fix checkpatch warnings.
v6:
- Try to allocate initrd memory just below hdr->inird_addr_max.
v5:
- load_options_size is UTF-16, which needs dividing by 2 to convert
to the corresponding ASCII size.
v4:
- Don't read more than image->load_options_size
v3:
- Fix following warnings when compiling CONFIG_EFI_STUB=n
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c: In function ‘main’:
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c:138:24: warning: unused variable ‘pe_header’
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c:138:15: warning: unused variable ‘file_sz’
- As reported by Matthew Garrett, some Apple machines have GOPs that
don't have hardware attached. We need to weed these out by
searching for ones that handle the PCIIO protocol.
- Don't allocate memory if no initrds are on cmdline
- Don't trust image->load_options_size
Maarten Lankhorst noted:
- Don't strip first argument when booted from efibootmgr
- Don't allocate too much memory for cmdline
- Don't update cmdline_size, the kernel considers it read-only
- Don't accept '\n' for initrd names
v2:
- File alignment was too large, was 8192 should be 512. Reported by
Maarten Lankhorst on LKML.
- Added UGA support for graphics
- Use VIDEO_TYPE_EFI instead of hard-coded number.
- Move linelength assignment until after we've assigned depth
- Dynamically fill out AddressOfEntryPoint in tools/build.c
- Don't use magic number for GDT/TSS stuff. Requested by Andi Kleen
- The bzImage may need to be relocated as it may have been loaded at
a high address address by the firmware. This was required to get my
macbook booting because the firmware loaded it at 0x7cxxxxxx, which
triggers this error in decompress_kernel(),
if (heap > ((-__PAGE_OFFSET-(128<<20)-1) & 0x7fffffff))
error("Destination address too large");
Cc: Mike Waychison <mikew@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Henrik Rydberg <rydberg@euromail.se>
Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <matt.fleming@intel.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1321383097.2657.9.camel@mfleming-mobl1.ger.corp.intel.com
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
2011-12-13 04:27:52 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2012-07-27 05:00:00 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/eboot.o: KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fshort-wchar -mno-red-zone
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-11-05 23:00:56 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-$(CONFIG_EFI_STUB) += $(obj)/eboot.o $(obj)/efi_stub_$(BITS).o \
|
|
|
|
|
$(objtree)/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/lib.a
|
x86/efi: Avoid triple faults during EFI mixed mode calls
Andy pointed out that if an NMI or MCE is received while we're in the
middle of an EFI mixed mode call a triple fault will occur. This can
happen, for example, when issuing an EFI mixed mode call while running
perf.
The reason for the triple fault is that we execute the mixed mode call
in 32-bit mode with paging disabled but with 64-bit kernel IDT handlers
installed throughout the call.
At Andy's suggestion, stop playing the games we currently do at runtime,
such as disabling paging and installing a 32-bit GDT for __KERNEL_CS. We
can simply switch to the __KERNEL32_CS descriptor before invoking
firmware services, and run in compatibility mode. This way, if an
NMI/MCE does occur the kernel IDT handler will execute correctly, since
it'll jump to __KERNEL_CS automatically.
However, this change is only possible post-ExitBootServices(). Before
then the firmware "owns" the machine and expects for its 32-bit IDT
handlers to be left intact to service interrupts, etc.
So, we now need to distinguish between early boot and runtime
invocations of EFI services. During early boot, we need to restore the
GDT that the firmware expects to be present. We can only jump to the
__KERNEL32_CS code segment for mixed mode calls after ExitBootServices()
has been invoked.
A liberal sprinkling of comments in the thunking code should make the
differences in early and late environments more apparent.
Reported-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Tested-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <matt.fleming@intel.com>
2015-01-13 22:25:00 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux-objs-$(CONFIG_EFI_MIXED) += $(obj)/efi_thunk_$(BITS).o
|
x86, efi: EFI boot stub support
There is currently a large divide between kernel development and the
development of EFI boot loaders. The idea behind this patch is to give
the kernel developers full control over the EFI boot process. As
H. Peter Anvin put it,
"The 'kernel carries its own stub' approach been very successful in
dealing with BIOS, and would make a lot of sense to me for EFI as
well."
This patch introduces an EFI boot stub that allows an x86 bzImage to
be loaded and executed by EFI firmware. The bzImage appears to the
firmware as an EFI application. Luckily there are enough free bits
within the bzImage header so that it can masquerade as an EFI
application, thereby coercing the EFI firmware into loading it and
jumping to its entry point. The beauty of this masquerading approach
is that both BIOS and EFI boot loaders can still load and run the same
bzImage, thereby allowing a single kernel image to work in any boot
environment.
The EFI boot stub supports multiple initrds, but they must exist on
the same partition as the bzImage. Command-line arguments for the
kernel can be appended after the bzImage name when run from the EFI
shell, e.g.
Shell> bzImage console=ttyS0 root=/dev/sdb initrd=initrd.img
v7:
- Fix checkpatch warnings.
v6:
- Try to allocate initrd memory just below hdr->inird_addr_max.
v5:
- load_options_size is UTF-16, which needs dividing by 2 to convert
to the corresponding ASCII size.
v4:
- Don't read more than image->load_options_size
v3:
- Fix following warnings when compiling CONFIG_EFI_STUB=n
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c: In function ‘main’:
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c:138:24: warning: unused variable ‘pe_header’
arch/x86/boot/tools/build.c:138:15: warning: unused variable ‘file_sz’
- As reported by Matthew Garrett, some Apple machines have GOPs that
don't have hardware attached. We need to weed these out by
searching for ones that handle the PCIIO protocol.
- Don't allocate memory if no initrds are on cmdline
- Don't trust image->load_options_size
Maarten Lankhorst noted:
- Don't strip first argument when booted from efibootmgr
- Don't allocate too much memory for cmdline
- Don't update cmdline_size, the kernel considers it read-only
- Don't accept '\n' for initrd names
v2:
- File alignment was too large, was 8192 should be 512. Reported by
Maarten Lankhorst on LKML.
- Added UGA support for graphics
- Use VIDEO_TYPE_EFI instead of hard-coded number.
- Move linelength assignment until after we've assigned depth
- Dynamically fill out AddressOfEntryPoint in tools/build.c
- Don't use magic number for GDT/TSS stuff. Requested by Andi Kleen
- The bzImage may need to be relocated as it may have been loaded at
a high address address by the firmware. This was required to get my
macbook booting because the firmware loaded it at 0x7cxxxxxx, which
triggers this error in decompress_kernel(),
if (heap > ((-__PAGE_OFFSET-(128<<20)-1) & 0x7fffffff))
error("Destination address too large");
Cc: Mike Waychison <mikew@google.com>
Cc: Matthew Garrett <mjg@redhat.com>
Tested-by: Henrik Rydberg <rydberg@euromail.se>
Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <matt.fleming@intel.com>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1321383097.2657.9.camel@mfleming-mobl1.ger.corp.intel.com
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
2011-12-13 04:27:52 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2016-05-26 05:45:30 +07:00
|
|
|
# The compressed kernel is built with -fPIC/-fPIE so that a boot loader
|
|
|
|
|
# can place it anywhere in memory and it will still run. However, since
|
|
|
|
|
# it is executed as-is without any ELF relocation processing performed
|
|
|
|
|
# (and has already had all relocation sections stripped from the binary),
|
|
|
|
|
# none of the code can use data relocations (e.g. static assignments of
|
|
|
|
|
# pointer values), since they will be meaningless at runtime. This check
|
|
|
|
|
# will refuse to link the vmlinux if any of these relocations are found.
|
|
|
|
|
quiet_cmd_check_data_rel = DATAREL $@
|
|
|
|
|
define cmd_check_data_rel
|
|
|
|
|
for obj in $(filter %.o,$^); do \
|
2017-05-21 03:03:29 +07:00
|
|
|
${CROSS_COMPILE}readelf -S $$obj | grep -qF .rel.local && { \
|
2016-05-26 05:45:30 +07:00
|
|
|
echo "error: $$obj has data relocations!" >&2; \
|
|
|
|
|
exit 1; \
|
|
|
|
|
} || true; \
|
|
|
|
|
done
|
|
|
|
|
endef
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-11 03:03:10 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux: $(vmlinux-objs-y) FORCE
|
2016-05-26 05:45:30 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,check_data_rel)
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,ld)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008-02-14 03:54:58 +07:00
|
|
|
OBJCOPYFLAGS_vmlinux.bin := -R .comment -S
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin: vmlinux FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,objcopy)
|
|
|
|
|
|
2014-03-11 03:03:10 +07:00
|
|
|
targets += $(patsubst $(obj)/%,%,$(vmlinux-objs-y)) vmlinux.bin.all vmlinux.relocs
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2012-05-09 01:22:24 +07:00
|
|
|
CMD_RELOCS = arch/x86/tools/relocs
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
quiet_cmd_relocs = RELOCS $@
|
2012-05-09 01:22:24 +07:00
|
|
|
cmd_relocs = $(CMD_RELOCS) $< > $@;$(CMD_RELOCS) --abs-relocs $<
|
|
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.relocs: vmlinux FORCE
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,relocs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vmlinux.bin.all-y := $(obj)/vmlinux.bin
|
2009-05-06 12:53:11 +07:00
|
|
|
vmlinux.bin.all-$(CONFIG_X86_NEED_RELOCS) += $(obj)/vmlinux.relocs
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2009-05-06 12:53:11 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.gz: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,gzip)
|
2009-05-06 12:53:11 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.bz2: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
2009-01-05 04:46:17 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,bzip2)
|
2009-05-06 12:53:11 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.lzma: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
2009-01-05 04:46:17 +07:00
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,lzma)
|
2011-01-13 08:01:24 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.xz: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,xzkern)
|
2010-01-09 05:42:45 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.lzo: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,lzo)
|
2013-07-09 06:01:48 +07:00
|
|
|
$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.lz4: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,lz4)
|
2008-01-30 19:32:30 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2009-05-09 05:32:47 +07:00
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_GZIP) := gz
|
|
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_BZIP2) := bz2
|
|
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_LZMA) := lzma
|
2011-01-13 08:01:24 +07:00
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_XZ) := xz
|
2010-01-09 05:42:45 +07:00
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_LZO) := lzo
|
2013-07-09 06:01:48 +07:00
|
|
|
suffix-$(CONFIG_KERNEL_LZ4) := lz4
|
2009-01-05 04:46:17 +07:00
|
|
|
|
2009-05-09 07:42:16 +07:00
|
|
|
quiet_cmd_mkpiggy = MKPIGGY $@
|
2016-04-29 07:09:07 +07:00
|
|
|
cmd_mkpiggy = $(obj)/mkpiggy $< > $@ || ( rm -f $@ ; false )
|
2009-05-09 07:42:16 +07:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
targets += piggy.S
|
|
|
|
|
$(obj)/piggy.S: $(obj)/vmlinux.bin.$(suffix-y) $(obj)/mkpiggy FORCE
|
|
|
|
|
$(call if_changed,mkpiggy)
|