eudev/man/systemd.xml

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<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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<refentry id="systemd">
<refentryinfo>
<title>systemd</title>
<productname>systemd</productname>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<contrib>Developer</contrib>
<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
<surname>Poettering</surname>
<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
</author>
</authorgroup>
</refentryinfo>
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>systemd</refname>
<refname>init</refname>
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<refpurpose>systemd System and Session Manager</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>init <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg></command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
<title>Description</title>
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<para>systemd is a system and session manager for
Linux operating systems. When run as first process on
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boot (as PID 1), it acts as init system that brings
up and maintains userspace services.</para>
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<para>For compatibility with SysV, if systemd is called
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as <command>init</command> and a PID that is not
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1, it will execute <command>telinit</command> and pass
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all command line arguments unmodified. That means
<command>init</command> and <command>telinit</command>
are mostly equivalent when invoked from normal login sessions. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information.</para>
</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>Options</title>
<para>The following options are understood:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-h</option></term>
<term><option>--help</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Prints a short help
text and exits.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--unit=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Set default unit to
activate on startup. If not specified
defaults to
<filename>default.target</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--running-as=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Tell systemd to run in
a particular mode. Argument is one of
<option>system</option>,
<option>session</option>. Normally it
should not be necessary to pass this
option, as systemd automatically
detects the mode it is started
in. This call is hence of little use
except for
debugging.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--test</option></term>
<listitem><para>Determine startup
sequence, dump it and exit. This is an
option useful for debugging
only.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--dump-configuration-items</option></term>
<listitem><para>Dump understood unit
configuration items. This outputs a
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terse but complete list of
configuration items understood in unit
definition files.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--confirm-spawn</option></term>
<listitem><para>Ask for confirmation when spawning processes.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--introspect=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Extract D-Bus
interface introspection data. This is
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mostly useful at build at install time
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to generate data suitable for the
D-Bus interfaces
repository. Optionally the interface
name for the introspection data may be
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specified. If omitted, the
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introspection data for all interfaces
is dumped.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--log-level=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Set log level. As
argument this accepts a numerical log
level or the well-known <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
symbolic names (lowercase):
<option>emerg</option>,
<option>alert</option>,
<option>crit</option>,
<option>err</option>,
<option>warning</option>,
<option>notice</option>,
<option>info</option>,
<option>debug</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--log-target=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Set log
target. Argument must be one of
<option>console</option>,
<option>syslog</option>,
<option>kmsg</option>,
<option>syslog-or-kmsg</option>,
<option>null</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--log-color=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Highlight important
log messages. Argument is a boolean
value. If the argument is omitted it
defaults to
<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--log-location=</option></term>
<listitem><para>Include code location
in log messages. This is mostly
relevant for debugging
purposes. Argument is a boolean
value. If the argument is omitted
it defaults to
<option>true</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
<title>Concepts</title>
<para>systemd provides a dependency system between
various entities called "units". Units encapsulate
various objects that are relevant for system boot-up
and maintainance. The majority of units are configured
in unit configuration files, whose syntax and basic
set of options is described in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
however some are created automatically from other
configuration or dynamically from system state. Units
may be active (meaning started, bound, plugged in, ...
depending on the unit type), or inactive (meaning
stopped, unbound, unplugged, ...), as well is in the
process of being activated or deactivated,
i.e. between the two states. The following unit types
are available:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Service units, which control
daemons and the processes they consist of. For
details see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Socket units, which
encapsulate local IPC or network sockets in
the system, useful for socket-based
activation. For details about socket units see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
for details on socket-based activation and
other forms of activation, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Target units are useful to
group units, or provide well-known
synchronization points during boot-up, see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Device units expose kernel
devices in systemd and may be used to
implement device-based activation. For details
see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Mount units control mount
points in the file system, for details see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Automount units provide
automount capabilities, for on-demand mounting
of file systems as well as parallelized
boot-up. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Snapshot units can be used to
temporarily save the state of the set of
systemd units, which later may be restored by
activating the saved snapshot unit. For more
information see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Timer units are useful for
triggering activation of other units based on
timers. You may find details in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Swap units are very similar to
mount units and encapsulated memory swap
partitions or files of the operating
systemd. They are described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Path units may be used
activate other services when file system
objects change or are modified. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Units are named as their configuration
files. Some units have special semantics. A detailed
list you may find in
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>
<para>On boot systemd activates the target unit
<filename>default.target</filename> whose job it is to
activate on-boot services and other on-boot units by
pulling them in via dependencies. Usually the unit
name is just an alias (symlink) for either
<filename>graphical.target</filename> (for
fully-featured boots into the UI) or
<filename>multi-user.target</filename> (for limited
console-only boots for use in embedded or server
environments, or similar; a subset of
graphical.target). However it is at the discretion of
the administrator to configure it as an alias to any
other target unit. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for details about these target units.</para>
<para>For more information about the concepts and
ideas behind systemd please refer to the <ulink
url="http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html">Original
Announcement Document</ulink>.</para>
</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
<title>Directories</title>
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<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>System unit directories</term>
<listitem><para>The systemd system
manager reads unit configuration from
various directories. Packages that
want to install unit files shall place
them in the directory returned by
<command>pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsystemunitdir</command>. Other
directories checked are
<filename>/usr/local/share/systemd/system</filename>
and
<filename>/usr/share/systemd/system</filename>. User
configuration always takes
precedence. <command>pkg-config
systemd
--variable=systemdsystemconfdir</command>
returns the path of the system
configuration directory. Packages
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should alter the content of these directories
only with the
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
tool.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Session unit directories</term>
<listitem><para>Similar rules apply
for the session unit
directories. However, here the <ulink
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
Base Directory specification</ulink>
is followed to find
units. Applications should place their
unit files in the directory returned
by <command>pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsessionunitdir</command>. Global
configuration is done in the
directory reported by
<command>pkg-config systemd
--variable=systemdsessionconfdir</command>. The
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
tool can handle both global (i.e. for
all users) and private (for one user)
enabling/disabling of
units.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SysV init scripts directory</term>
<listitem><para>The location of the
SysV init script directory varies
between distributions. If systemd
cannot find a native unit file for a
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requested service, it will look for a
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SysV init script of the same name
(with the
<filename>.service</filename> suffix
removed).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SysV runlevel link farm directory</term>
<listitem><para>The location of the
SysV runlevel link farm directory
varies between distributions. systemd
will take the link farm into account
when figuring out whether a service
shall be enabled. Note that a service
unit with a native unit configuration
file can be started by activating it
in the SysV runlevel link
farm.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
<refsect1>
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<title>Signals</title>
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<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
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<term>SIGTERM</term>
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this
signal the systemd system manager
serializes its state, reexecutes
itself and deserializes the saved
state again. This is mostly equivalent
to <command>systemctl
daemon-reexec</command>.</para>
<para>systemd session managers will
start the
<filename>exit.target</filename> unit
when this signal is received. This is
mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl --session start
exit.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGINT</term>
<listitem><para>Upon receiving this
signal the systemd system manager will
start the
<filename>ctrl-alt-del.target</filename> unit. This
is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
ctl-alt-del.target</command>.</para>
<para>systemd session managers
treat this signal the same way as
SIGTERM.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGWINCH</term>
<listitem><para>When this signal is
received the systemd system manager
will start the
<filename>kbrequest.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
kbrequest.target</command>.</para>
<para>This signal is ignored by
systemd session
managers.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGPWR</term>
<listitem><para>When this signal is
received the systemd manager
will start the
<filename>sigpwr.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
sigpwr.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGUSR1</term>
<listitem><para>When this signal is
received the systemd manager will try
to reconnect to the D-Bus
bus.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGUSR2</term>
<listitem><para>When this signal is
received the systemd manager will log
its complete state in human readable
form. The data logged is the same as
printed by <command>systemctl
dump</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGHUP</term>
<listitem><para>Reloads the complete
daemon configuration. This is mostly
equivalent to <command>systemctl
daemon-reload</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+0</term>
<listitem><para>Enters default mode, starts the
<filename>default.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
default.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+1</term>
<listitem><para>Enters rescue mode,
starts the
<filename>rescue.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl isolate
rescue.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+2</term>
<listitem><para>Enters emergency mode,
starts the
<filename>emergency.service</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl isolate
emergency.service</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+3</term>
<listitem><para>Halts the machine,
starts the
<filename>halt.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
halt.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+4</term>
<listitem><para>Powers off the machine,
starts the
<filename>poweroff.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
poweroff.target</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SIGRTMIN+5</term>
<listitem><para>Reboots the machine,
starts the
<filename>reboot.target</filename>
unit. This is mostly equivalent to
<command>systemctl start
reboot.target</command>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
<title>Environment</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL</varname></term>
<listitem><para>systemd reads the
log level from this environment
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variable. This can be overridden with
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<option>--log-level=</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET</varname></term>
<listitem><para>systemd reads the
log target from this environment
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variable. This can be overridden with
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<option>--log-target=</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Controls whether
systemd highlights important log
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messages. This can be overridden with
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<option>--log-color=</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Controls whether
systemd prints the code location along
with log messages. This can be
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overridden with
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<option>--log-location=</option>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME</varname></term>
<term><varname>$XDG_CONFIG_DIRS</varname></term>
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_HOME</varname></term>
<term><varname>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</varname></term>
<listitem><para>The systemd session
manager uses these variables in
accordance to the <ulink
url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG
Base Directory specification</ulink>
to find its configuration.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
looks for unit
files.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
looks for SysV init scripts.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_SYSVRCND_PATH</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Controls where systemd
looks for SysV init script runlevel link
farms.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$LISTEN_PID</varname></term>
<term><varname>$LISTEN_FDS</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for
supervised processes during
socket-based activation. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_listen_fds</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><varname>$NOTIFY_SOCKET</varname></term>
<listitem><para>Set by systemd for
supervised processes for status and
start-up completion notification. See
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
for more information.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
<title>Sockets and FIFOs</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>@/org/freedesktop/systemd1/notify</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Daemon status
notification socket. This is an AF_UNIX
datagram socket in the Linux abstract
namespace, and is used to implement
the daemon notification logic as
implemented by
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd_notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>@/org/freedesktop/systemd1/logger</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Used internally by the
<filename>systemd-logger.service</filename>
unit to connect STDOUT and/or STDERR
of spawned processes to
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
or the kernel log buffer. This is an
AF_UNIX stream socket in the Linux
abstract namespace.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>@/org/freedesktop/systemd1/private</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Used internally as
communication channel between
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
and the systemd process. This is an
AF_UNIX stream socket in the Linux
abstract namespace. This interface is
private to systemd and should not be
used in external
projects.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><filename>/dev/initctl</filename></term>
<listitem><para>Limited compatibility
support for the SysV client interface,
as implemented by the
<filename>systemd-initctl.service</filename>
unit. This is a named pipe in the file
system. This interface is obsolete and
should not be used in new
applications.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
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</refsect1>
<refsect1>
<title>See Also</title>
<para>
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemadm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-notify</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sd-daemon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkg-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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</para>
</refsect1>
</refentry>